夜莺nightingale:
TheNightingale(Lusciniamegarhynchos),alsoknownasRufousandCommonNightingale,isasmallpasserinebirdthatwasformerlyclassedasamemberofthethrushfamilyTurdidae,butisnowmoregenerallyconsideredtobeanOldWorldflycatcher,Muscicapidae。
Itbelongstoagroupofmoreterrestrialspecies,oftencalledchats。
ItisamigratoryinsectivorousspeciesbreedinginforestandscrubinEuropeandsouth-westAsia。
ThedistributionismoresoutherlythantheverycloselyrelatedThrushNightingaleLuscinialuscinia。Itnestsonthegroundwithinornexttodensebushes。
ItwintersinsouthernAfrica。AtleastintheRhineland(Germany),thebreedinghabitatofnightingalesagreeswithanumberofgeographicalparameters。
TheNightingaleisslightlylargerthantheEuropeanRobin,at15-16。5cmlength。Itisplainbrownaboveexceptforthereddishtail。
Itisbufftowhitebelow。Sexesaresimilar。
Nightingalesarenamedsobecausetheyfrequentlysingatnightaswellasduringtheday。
Thenamehasbeenusedforwellover1,000years,beinghighlyrecognizableeveninitsAnglo-Saxonform-'nihtingale'。Itmeans'nightsongstress'。
Earlywritersassumedthefemalesang;infact,itisthemale。Themalenightingaleisknownforhissinging,totheextentthathumansingersaresometimesadmiringlyreferredtoasnightingales;thesongisloud,withanimpressiverangeofwhistles,trillsandgurgles。
Itssongisparticularlynoticeableatnightbecausefewotherbirdsaresinging。Thisiswhyitsname(inseverallanguages)includes"night"。
Onlyunpairedmalessingregularlyatnight,andnocturnalsongislikelytoserveattractingamate。Singingatdawn,duringthehourbeforesunrise,isassumedtobeimportantindefendingthebird'sterritory。
Nightingalessingevenmoreloudlyinurbanornear-urbanenvironments,inordertoovercomethebackgroundnoise。Themostcharacteristicfeatureofthesongisaloudwhistlingcrescendo,absentfromthesongofThrushNightingale。
Ithasafrog-likealarmcall。
TheeasternsubspeciesL。m。hafiziandL。m。africanahavepalerupperpartsandastrongerface-pattern,includingapalesupercilium。
玫瑰rose
AroseisaperennialfloweringshruborvineofthegenusRosa,withinthefamilyRosaceae,thatcontainsover100species。
Thespeciesformagroupoferectshrubs,andclimbingortrailingplants,withstemsthatareoftenarmedwithsharpthorns。MostarenativetoAsia,withsmallernumbersofspeciesnativetoEurope,NorthAmerica,andnorthwestAfrica。
Natives,cultivarsandhybridsareallwidelygrownfortheirbeautyandfragrance。
Theleavesarealternateandpinnatelycompound,withsharplytoothedoval-shapedleaflets。
Theplantsfleshyediblefruitiscalledarosehip。Roseplantsrangeinsizefromtiny,miniatureroses,toclimbersthatcanreach20metresinheight。
Speciesfromdifferentpartsoftheworldeasilyhybridize,whichhasgivenrisetothemanytypesofgardenroses。
ThenameoriginatesfromLatinrosa,borrowedthroughOscanfromcolonialGreekinsouthernItaly:rhodon(Aeolicform:wrodon),fromAramaicwurrdā,fromAssyrianwurtinnu,fromOldIranian*warda(cf。
Armenianvard,Avestanwarda,Sogdianward,Parthianwâr)。
Attarofroseisthesteam-extractedessentialoilfromroseflowersthathasbeenusedinperfumesforcenturies。
Rosewater,madefromtheroseoil,iswidelyusedinAsianandMiddleEasterncuisine。Rosehipsareoccasionallymadeintojam,jelly,andmarmalade,orarebrewedfortea,primarilyfortheirhighVitaminCcontent。
Theyarealsopressedandfilteredtomakerosehipsyrup。RosehipsarealsousedtoproduceRosehipseedoil,whichisusedinskinproductsandsomemakeupproducts。
简介还要详细。。。吃力啊。
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