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2018-10-18 01:21:47

•   labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments, in particular through the implementation of specific laws governing labour relations。
     Labour unions and trade unions are collective organizations within societies, organized for the purpose of representing the interests of workers and the working class。
     Many elite-class individuals and political groups may also be active in and part of the labour movement。 
   
  In some countries including the United Kingdom and Australia the term is widely used to describe both a "political wing" and an "industrial wing"。
     In Britain these are the Labour Party and Trades Union Congress (TUC) collectively。 The Labour Party was created as the Labour Representation Committee as a result of an 1899 resolution of the TUC, though in modern times, particularly since the election of Tony Blair as leader of the Labour Party in 1994, the alliance is seen to be much looser and a number of unions have broken their formal ties with the party。
     In Australia, these wings of the labour movement are the Australian Labor Party, the political wing, and the Australian Council of Trade Unions, the industrial wing。
     
   
  In Europe, the labour movement began during the industrial revolution, when agricultural jobs declined and employment moved to more industrial areas。
     The idea met with great resistance。 In the 18th century and early 19th century, groups such as the Tolpuddle Martyrs of Tolpuddle, Dorset were punished and transported for forming unions, which was against the laws of the time。
     The movement gained major impetus in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries from the Catholic Social Teaching tradition which began in 1891 with the publication of Pope Leo XIII's foundational document, Rerum Novarum, also known as "On the Condition of the Working Classes," in which he advocated a series of reforms including limits on the length of the work day, a living wage, the elimination of child labor, the rights of labor to organize, and the duty of the state to regulate labor conditions。
     Following the release of the document, the labor movement which had previously floundered began to flourish in Europe and later in North America。
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  Throughout the world, action by the labour movement has led to reforms and workers' rights, such as the 2-day weekend, minimum wage, paid holidays, and the achievement of the eight-hour day for many workers。
     There have been many important labour activists in modern history who have caused changes that were revolutionary at the time and are now regarded as basic。
     For example, Mary Harris Jones, better known as "Mother Jones", and the National Catholic Welfare Council were central in the campaign to end child labour in the United States during the early 20th century。
     An active and free labour movement is considered by many to be an important element in maintaining democracy and for economic development。
    

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  2018-10-18 01:21:47

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