阅读题大全(合集18篇)
阅读题大全(1)
陷阱一:熟词僻义
词汇类问题(Vocabulary Questions)是新托福阅读考试每次必考题型,而且题量较多,每篇文章通常出现3-5题,它要求考生确定文章中个别单词或短语的具体意思(一个单词可能有多个意思,但在给定选项中只有一个选项与该单词在阅读文章中的意思相符)。这种题型总的来说还是比较简单的,但这种题型中的“陷阱”即“熟词僻义” 让考生们头痛不已。
所谓“熟词僻义”也就是词汇题中所考查的单词尽管考生比较熟悉,对其常用含义也了解,但恰恰题目中考查的是该单词在阅读文章中的意思,而该意思是考生所不熟的。而往往考生们受该单词常用含义的影响,导致选错答案。比如“calling”一词的常用含义为“呼喊、召唤”,而新托福阅读中则可能考到该词的“职业、天职”的含义。
欲应对此“陷阱”,建议考生们在备考中扩大自己词汇量的同时,掌握猜测单词意思的技巧(利用上下文、构词法等),同时注意这种题型主要考查单词在文章里面的意思,建议考生们在选出答案后把答案放回原文进行检验。
陷阱二:题干中设陷阱
托福阅读中,考生在浏览完一篇文章之后,就可以开始答题了。我们会先阅读文章题干,然后在定位原文进行答题。有些题干是有陷阱的,掉入陷阱就会出错,下面小编就为大家分享托福阅读题干陷阱,希望对大家有所帮助,避免陷阱,提高阅读的正确率。
最容易出错的一类题是According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?和The author’s decision of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT
这类题型又叫否定事实信息题,跟事实信息题相反的是,这类题型需要选出错误的选项,并不是选择正确的选项。考生在做题过程,除了这道题目是要求选择错误选项,其它都是选择正确的,因此考生经常在考试中犯迷糊,结果就会选错答案,影响了托福阅读的分数。
陷阱三:定位信息陷阱
托福阅读中的细节题其实不难,但前提是定位的点要对,比如下面这个例题:
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
It is native to lowlands and
It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of
It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open
It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once
这是一个典型的细节题,在该题题干中,有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为关键词回原文定位,因为它是专有名词,在文中会比较显眼。但是如果一旦选择了这个地名,势必会定位在该段的第一句话,托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案,这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的,因为定位不精确。其实正确的关键词应该是white-tailed deer,这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的,按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符,B和C都与定位句信息无关。
陷阱四:选项中陷阱重重
在托福阅读中,托福阅读的选项也有很多陷阱,而且不同的题型选项陷阱的设置方法是不同的:
★直接事实题中,有的选项重复文章中的信息,但并没有回答问题。这样的选项最容易迷惑考生。对此,建议考生们在做直接事实题时直接排除那些本身就矛盾的选项,同时千万不要因为某个选项内容在文章中出现过就选择该选项,一定要回答问题。
★句子简化题中有的选项内容和原文相符,但忽略了原文重要信息,这样的选项最容易误导考生。建议考生在做题时要仔细研读文章中所标识的句子,根据标点和关联词把句子按照义群拆分为几个部分,学会长句短读,迅速找出句子的主句,也就是主谓宾或者主系表。
★修辞目的题中,选项中出现的是例子,即作者说了什么,但这种题考查的是作者为什么这样说。建议考生们在做题时注意字眼definition,example,toillustrate,toexplain,tocriticize等。
★推论类问题中,选项重复原文信息,也就是选项为原文直接清楚表述的内容,这样的选项也容易误导考生。建议考生们注意在解答此类问题时,不仅要理解作者所写出的句子的字面意思,还必须搞清楚这些句子之间的逻辑性暗示。正确答案一定是从原文中已经给出的内容推论出来的。
★摘要题中,选项为细节信息或者是支持性论述,而非主要观点。建议考生们在做此类题型时注意:该题主要考察考生对文章主要观点及相对重要信息的理解和辨识能力,因此正确的答案综合了文章的各个观点,所以不会与文章中的任何一句话完全相符;欲选出正确答案考生需要在通篇文章中查找,并且在头脑中形成文章的一个整体框架结构,并且记清楚文章主要观点和其他重要信息。
阅读题大全(2)
Prose Summary 小结题
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2
(一个总结性句子已经给出.通过选择三个选项来完成这个总结,所选的选项需要表达原文最重要的信息.有些选项不属于总结性选项,因为他们表达了没在原文中出现的信息或者是原文中的细节信息.此题两分.)通过分析题干给出的具体信息,我们能够看出,这道题目的关键要求在于选择重要信息,总结性信息.也就意味着,有的选项虽然正确,但是如果它表达的是原文中的细节信息,那么依然不能作为正确答案,这是这道题目中最难的一个点.
Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the
This question is worth 2 This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and
Answer Choices
Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and
The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at
The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil
Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be
Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were
Ambulocetus' hind legs were used for propulsion in the
这是每篇文章最后的一个大题,基于全文的基础进行提问,所以,我们可以根据文章的关键句,先来判断这篇文章的主要内容.以下摘选了文章的每个自然段的关键句,我们一起
来看一下:
THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS
第一自然段:It should be obvious that cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphins-are They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live …
第二自然段:Very exciting discoveries have finally__ allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of …
第三自然段:The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of …
第四自然段:Another major discovery was made in Egypt in Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara …
第五自然段:An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years …
首先,第一自然段综述关于鲸类动物是哺乳动物的事实,到了第二自然段开始揭示鲸类动物起源的具体细节,说到科学家有一些重要发现,到了第三自然段开始交待第一种化石的名称第四自然段又提到另外一种化石发现,名字为Basilosaurus,最后一自然段提到第三种化石发现Ambulocetus natans,总结来说,这篇文章通过介绍三个化石来揭示了鲸类的起源.
接下来,我们来看以下选项,首先来看第一个选项:
Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and ( 最近的化石发现帮助解释了陆生哺乳动物与鲸类之间的关系),此选项概括了本文的主要信息,因此可以算作小结题的答案 The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at ( 化石Ambulocetus natans 的发现提供了关于鲸及生活在陆地上又生活在海里的依据),Ambulocetus natans 是本文三个重要化石之一, 且在本选项中体现了Ambulocetus natans 化石对于揭示鲸类起源的重要作用,因此算作小总结信息从而作为正确选项 The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil (Basilosaurus 在一个叫做Tethys Sea 的地方被发现,这个地方有很多的化石),此选项中虽然提到了本文的一个重要化石Basilosaurus,但是并没有陈述Basilosaurus 对于揭示鲸类起源的作用,因此不能算作正确答案.换句话说,只提到Basilosaurus 化石所发现的地点是不足以作为本文的小结信息的 Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be (Pakicetus 是迄今为止发现的最古老的鲸类化石),此选项也提到了本文中重要化石Pakicetus,但并没有提到Pakicetus 对于揭示鲸类起源的作用,因此不能作为小结题的重要选项 Fossils thought to be transitional forms between
walking mammals and swimming whales were (被认为是陆生哺乳动物与水生鲸类之间的过渡化石被发现),此选项概括了本文的主要内容,本文的主旨内容即是讲述鲸类原本是陆生哺乳动物的事实,因此,5 是正确选项 Ambulocetus' hind legs were used for propulsion in the (Ambulocetus natans 的后腿用来在水中前进),本选项貌似也提到了重要化石Ambulocetus natans,但是Ambulocetus natans 的后腿用来在水中前进是一个细节信息,因此不能作为正确答案.所以,本题的正确答案为
阅读题大全(3)
小结题解题法其实质是根据总结题所给出的黑体句中的主谓宾来解题。另外这种方法适合阅读文章具有总分结构的情况,方法如下:
首先,对黑体句进行识别,黑体句表示为
T(X) =S(X 主语)+P(X 谓语)+O(X 宾语)
其中,T,S,P,O是X语句的一个句式,那么小结题答案为方程X的解,可以表示为:
X=S(X 主语的分支)+P(X 谓语动词的同义改写或者不变)+O(X 宾语不变或者其分支)
其次,根据选项的主谓宾的分析,可以选择出答案。
因此,我们只要分析黑体句和选项的主谓宾,就可以选择三个选项。
接下来举个例子
TPO2第2篇阅读:THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS的小结题。
这道题的黑体字句子是:this passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales,porpises,and
分析主谓宾可以知道:fossil(主语)+help to explain(谓语)+origins of cetaceans(宾)
然后看答案:
discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mamals and
很容易的划出主干: fossils(主语的分支) +helped to show(谓语动词理解一样) +the link(宾语一致)
所以1正确。
discovery of A__ provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at
划出主干:A_x(化石,又是主语的分支)+ provided evidence (谓语动词理解一样)+宾语
所以2也正确。
thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found。
主干:fossils(主语的分支)+were found(因为找到所以提供的证据,帮助理解,和谓语动词理解一样)
所以5也正确。
由此可见,托福阅读小结题的黑体句是十分重要的,理解和分析黑体句从而可以很有效的帮助解题。
另外,可以通过排除细节信息,比如某些细节它并不是主语或者宾语的分支,而是其分支里面的内容,可以理解为很明显的细节,并没有进行抽象和概括。
正确选项往往具有and连接的句子,因为这是对段落进行概括的体现;一种情况除外:and连接两个具体的细节,而不是抽象的句子或者意思。
另外一个正确选项的特征为:使用Although,but等具有转折含义的句子,以及使用抽象词和概括词,往往是正确答案。
阅读题大全(4)
方法一:
选大意的题目:先用最快的速度按细节排除的原则作,一般能排除两个细节选项,那么最多只错一个了,然后往往还有一个选项是被改动过是错的,所以很快就做对了。
做托福阅读时先浏览每个段落的首句(第一段短的话每句都要看),然后按段落记录关键词。
方法二:
一、分清楚文章细节与主题。在读文章的时候做好文章分析,那些是本段论点,那些是段落中的举例,和离体内容。那些肯定不是答案。除了一种情况,大段举例可以作为主旨。
二、托福阅读时做好简单笔记。理清文章思路。那些是论点及论点的支持论据,那些是转折,作者态度,就这三点。
三、排除文章中没有提到的选项。
用这些方法,相信多加练习是可以作对的。
方法三:
托福阅读最后一题感觉大致分为两种情况:比较普通的一种是选三个文章讨论的主要内容,另一种是仅针对文章某一部分的三个主要方面。由此可见,一般情况下文章肯定是有三个中心论点(不管是并列或是顺承或是递进),所以可以按照这样的方法解题。
1、回原文
2、跳过首段(首段一般交代背景引出总话题,但最后一题问的是分话题)
3、重读每段首句,读的时候主要确认分话题的组成段落。一定是某个或某几个自然段组成一个分话题,不可能出现一段中两个分话题的,反正我没见过。
4、心中确认了三个分话题,可以提取出关键词(如候鸟导航里三个:太阳、生物钟、星星),在提取关键词时候是基于做前面题对文章每段内容的了解上,因为有的在段落末句而非首句,有的在句中。
5、最后找答案,很好使,不过注意文章的主要讨论对象不能变(见蒸汽机那篇)。
6、所选答案都是结论性的。'
阅读题大全(5)
找出每个段落的中心句,划分段落内部的层次,如分类/并列递进/对比转折等;
区分主旨和细节。所谓主旨,就是被别的句子来支持解释的,也即众星拱月般的“老大”;所谓细节,就是去跟随“老大”的句子,证明“老大”说的都是对的。
如果某段没有主旨句,则需自己进行总结,此时无需向小学语文课老师要求的那样,非要说出一个完整而优美的“标答”,只需用提取关键词,表示出核心观点即可,建议简洁明了,关键词包含核心概念和关键动作/状态即可。
文章结构自己分析过一遍之后,找出正确选项与各段段落大意的对应关系。记住:正确的三个选项之所以正确,一定是与原文的某些个段落的段落大意有对应关系。
错误的选项,错误逻辑基本上也可以归类为这几类:原文没有提到,原文提到了但是与原文矛盾,与原文对应内容正确但是属于细节而非主要观点。这三类错误隐蔽性属于逐级增强,同学们需要仔细去与文章核对。
阅读题大全(6)
第一步就是要在最快的速度内拉出文章构架:即在做所有题之前先快速跳读一遍文章。通读文章的时候只需要读每段的首句、末句和转折句。一般抓住了首尾句和转折句就抓住了一段的主旨。如果在阅读中出现了转折,也就是说后面说的事情和之前讲的不一样,也就是说文章的意思有两层,转折句就是第二层意思的概括。
同学在进行托福阅读的时候做笔记是非常有必要的,看似在浪费时间,实则节省时间,将重点语句划分出来,在解答时会一目了然。托福阅读中的文章架构都是很清晰,一般我们看段首尾句和转折句就可以抓住文段的中心。
第二步判断选项,做文章小结题。我们要谨记选出来的选项是要能概括文章大意的,所以一些细节性的,和文章表述相矛盾的,或者是文章中未提及的选项都可以借助排除法进行选择。
很多同学在进行托福阅读中分辨不出那些是文章没提及的,那些是跟文章相违背的,其实这都是关于细节性的考察,我们之前做的题目就是积累细节的过程,因为主旨不可能只提一次,而且在不显眼的地方出现的,借助我们的笔记,总结出各段的大意,那样就能很容易判断出那些是段落主旨大意那些是细节性或者无关的信息。
以上就是关于“托福阅读小结题得分技巧”的内容,希望通过上述内容的学习,大家对于小结题的题型有更好的了解,在考试中更好的应对这类题型。
阅读题大全(7)
0 Lack of self-confidence will put you at a disadvantage in a negotiation .
0 A B C D E
This company has been involved in diversifying its business
Although this company is doing well, it has a number of internal difficulties to deal with
This company has reduced the profits it makes on individual items
One statistic is a less accurate guide to this company’s performance than another
The conditions which have helped this company are likely to be less favourable in the future
This company’s share price has been extremely volatile over the last twelve months
This company is likely to be the subject of a takeover bid in the near future
This company’s performance exemplifies a widely held belief
A Chemical Company
Masterson’s interim pre-tax profits growth of 20% was somewhat inflated as a result of the income received from the disposal of several of the company’s The underlying 8% rise in operating profits is a more realistic gauge of the company’s true However, Masterson’s impending merger with Bentley and Knight and its appointment of a new chief executive should mean that the company will be able to sustain growth for the foreseeable The share price has varied little during the course of the year and now stands at £
B Hotel Group
During the past year the Bowden Hotel Group has acquired 77 new properties, thus doubling in size . last week the group reported pre-tax profits of £ 88 million in the first six months of the year, ahead of expectations and helped by a strong performance from its London-based hotels and newly expanded US There is still some way to Integration of the new acquisitions is still not complete and, while the share price has risen recently, major problems with integration have yet to be
C High-tech Company
This time last year a share in Usertech was worth just over £ six months ago it was worth £ today it is priced at under £ 8 . if proof were need, here is an illustration of how much of a lottery the technology market can But some technology companies are fighting back and Usertech is one of them . What has renewed excitement in the company is the opening of its new American offices in Dallas and its ambitious plans to expand its user base in both North and Latin
D Building Company
Renton’s share price has risen gradually over the past year from £ to £ . The company has been successful in choosing prime location for its buildings and has benefited from the buoyant demand for Whilst this demand is expected to slow down somewhat during the next year, investors are encouraged by the company’s decision to move into building Work has already begun on two sites in London, and the company is expected to sign a contract within the next month for building four large supermarkets in
E Pottery Manufacturer
Milton Dishes has been through a shake-up over the past The group, which has been cutting margins and improving marketing, may post a small profit this The many members of the Milton family, who between them own 58 per cent of the business, have been watching the share price rise steadily and several are looking to Trade rival Ruskin has bought up just over 17 percent of the shares and could well be spurred into further action by the signs of a recovery at the
参考答案: 1-5 DBEAD 6-8 CEC
这种类型的题不过是一个句子换一种说法,关键是看对每一段话的理解。我们看一下1到8在说什么,然后到A到E中寻找答案。
该公司正在对其商业活动进行多样化。
尽管该公司业绩不错,内部也有一些困难需要处理。
该公司单个产品收益减少
一项统计数据对该公司的表现不像另外一个那样有准确的指导作用。
曾经帮助过该公司的环境在将来可能就不那么好了。
该公司的股票价格在过去的一年里变化很大。
该公司未来很可能会被收购。
该公司的表现让人很有信心
那么,再读一下A到E表达的什么意思,很容易对号入座。
阅读题大全(8)
⑴这是美国东部的一个风雪交加的夜晚,推销员克雷斯的汽车坏在冰天雪地的山区。野地四处无人,克雷斯焦急万分,因为,如果不能离开这里,他就只能活活冻死。这时,一个骑马的中年男子路过此地,他二话没说,就用马将克雷斯的小车拉出了雪地,拉到了一个小镇上。当克雷斯拿出钱对这个陌生人表示感谢时,中年男子说:“我不要求回报,但我要你给我一个承诺。当别人有困难时,你也尽力去帮助他。”
⑵在后来的日子里,克雷斯帮助了许许多多的人,并且将那位中年男子对他的要求同样告诉了他所帮助的每一个人。
⑶6年后,克雷斯被一次骤然发生的洪水围困在一个小岛上,一位少年帮助了他。当他要感谢少年时,少年竟然说出了那句克雷斯永远也不会忘记的话:“我不要求回报,但你要给我一个承诺……”克雷斯的心里顿时涌起了一股暖流。
⑷爱心是无价的,它不需要回报,但却可以心心相传。如果说,每一件善事都是一颗珍珠的话,那么我们每一个人的爱心都是一根金线。用金线把颗颗珍珠串起来,就是世界上一条最珍贵的无价项链!
⑸爱心项链串起了颗颗真诚的心,让大家心系一处,播洒爱的种子。让我们拾起这根金线,也做一个串项链的人,将我们手中的这本杂志,当作一份礼物,送给那些在贫困中却强烈渴望着知识的同学手中吧!
小题1:第一段叙述了一个故事,写出这个故事的相关要素。(5分)
时间:_________ 地点:_________ 人物:_________
事件的起因:_____________________________事件的结果:_____________________
小题2:从表达方式上看,该文可分成两部分,前部分为_________ ,后部分为_________。(2分)
小题3:第三段所叙的事能否省去,为什么?(3分)
小题4:第三段中少年所说的话中省略的内容是____________________________ 。(3分)
小题5:第四段点题,作者将用“爱心项链”作比喻,有什么好处?(3分)
小题6:第五段中“这根据金线”是指_________,“串项链的人”是指_______________,这段的意思是在号召我们_____________________________。(3分)
参考答案:
小题1:一个风雪交加的夜晚;美国东部的一个山区;克雷斯和一个骑马的中年男子;克雷斯的车坏在雪地上了;中年男子要克雷斯给他一个承诺。
小题2:记叙;议论抒情
小题3:不能省。经过克雷斯做了若干次的好事之后,又有人向他说同样的话,表明这种做好事的作法在一个接一个地传下去。(意近即可)
小题4:当别人有困难时,你也尽力帮助他。
小题5:神似,意为形成一个整体,人人互相关爱,同时告诫读者要用爱心,多做善事。(意近即可)
小题6:爱心;做好事的人;帮助那些在贫困中渴望得到知识的人。
阅读题大全(9)
0 Lack of self-confidence will put you at a disadvantage in a negotiation .
0 A B C D E
This company has been involved in diversifying its business
Although this company is doing well, it has a number of internal difficulties to deal with
This company has reduced the profits it makes on individual items
One statistic is a less accurate guide to this company’s performance than another
The conditions which have helped this company are likely to be less favourable in the future
This company’s share price has been extremely volatile over the last twelve months
This company is likely to be the subject of a takeover bid in the near future
This company’s performance exemplifies a widely held belief
A Chemical Company
Masterson’s interim pre-tax profits growth of 20% was somewhat inflated as a result of the income received from the disposal of several of the company’s The underlying 8% rise in operating profits is a more realistic gauge of the company’s true However, Masterson’s impending merger with Bentley and Knight and its appointment of a new chief executive should mean that the company will be able to sustain growth for the foreseeable The share price has varied little during the course of the year and now stands at £
B Hotel Group
During the past year the Bowden Hotel Group has acquired 77 new properties, thus doubling in size . last week the group reported pre-tax profits of £ 88 million in the first six months of the year, ahead of expectations and helped by a strong performance from its London-based hotels and newly expanded US There is still some way to Integration of the new acquisitions is still not complete and, while the share price has risen recently, major problems with integration have yet to be
C High-tech Company
This time last year a share in Usertech was worth just over £ six months ago it was worth £ today it is priced at under £ 8 . if proof were need, here is an illustration of how much of a lottery the technology market can But some technology companies are fighting back and Usertech is one of them . What has renewed excitement in the company is the opening of its new American offices in Dallas and its ambitious plans to expand its user base in both North and Latin
D Building Company
Renton’s share price has risen gradually over the past year from £ to £ . The company has been successful in choosing prime location for its buildings and has benefited from the buoyant demand for Whilst this demand is expected to slow down somewhat during the next year, investors are encouraged by the company’s decision to move into building Work has already begun on two sites in London, and the company is expected to sign a contract within the next month for building four large supermarkets in
E Pottery Manufacturer
Milton Dishes has been through a shake-up over the past The group, which has been cutting margins and improving marketing, may post a small profit this The many members of the Milton family, who between them own 58 per cent of the business, have been watching the share price rise steadily and several are looking to Trade rival Ruskin has bought up just over 17 percent of the shares and could well be spurred into further action by the signs of a recovery at the
参考答案: 1-5 DBEAD 6-8 CEC
这种类型的题不过是一个句子换一种说法,关键是看对每一段话的理解。我们看一下1到8在说什么,然后到A到E中寻找答案。
该公司正在对其商业活动进行多样化。
尽管该公司业绩不错,内部也有一些困难需要处理。
该公司单个产品收益减少
一项统计数据对该公司的表现不像另外一个那样有准确的指导作用。
曾经帮助过该公司的环境在将来可能就不那么好了。
该公司的股票价格在过去的一年里变化很大。
该公司未来很可能会被收购。
该公司的表现让人很有信心
那么,再读一下A到E表达的什么意思,很容易对号入座。
阅读题大全(10)
Read the text about career-planning
Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps .
For each gap 9– 14, mark one letter (A-H) on your Answer Sheet .
Do not use any letter more than once .
There is an example at the beginning .(0)
Your Career Path Can Lead You Anywhere
We used to be advised to plan our We were told to make a plan during the later stages of our education and continue with it through our working (0)_____ some people still see careers in this However, to pursue a single option for life has always been
Planning for a single career assumes that we set out with a full understanding of our likes and dislikes and the employment opportunities open to (9)____ For most people this degree of certainty about the future does not
Our initial choice of career path and employer is often based on inadequate knowledge and false But with age and experience, we develop new interests and aptitudes and our priorities The structure of the employment market and, indeed of employment itself, is subject to change as both new technologies and new work systems are introduced (10) _____ We must face the uncertainties of a portfolio
It is clear from the recent past that we cannot foresee the changes which will affect our working The pace of change is accelerating , as a result of which traditional career plans will be of very limited (11)_____ They will need updating to reflect changes in our own interests as well as in the external work Flexible workers already account for about half the (12)______ We are likely to face periods as contract workers, self-employed freelances, consultants, temps or
Many employers encourage staff to write a personal development development (PDP) (13)_____ Although some people use it only to review the skills needed for their job, a PDP could be the nucleus of wider career plan –setting out alternative long-term learning needs and a plan of
A report issued by the Institute of Employment Studies advises people to enhance their employability by moving from traditional technical skills towards the attainment of a range of transferable (14)_____ Instead, special schemes should be established to encourage people to examine their effectiveness and to consider a wider range of
0 A B C D E F G H
A This dual effect means that the relationship between employers and workers has evolved to such and extent that we can no longer expect a long-term relationship with one
It carries an implicit assumption that we ourselves, and the jobs we enter, will change little during our working
This growth suggests that a career plan should not be expressed only in terms of full-time employment but should make provision for the possibility of becoming one of
D this is a summary of one’s personal learning needs and an action plan to meet
E Consequently, they must now accommodate a number of objectives and enable us to prepare for each on a contingency
F However, it warns that employers often identify training needs through formal appraisals, which take too narrow a view of
G . Such a freelance of consultant would be constantly in
H We were expected to work towards that one clear goal and to consider a career change as a bad
参考答案: 9 B 10 A 11E 12C 13D 14F
本段是说在职业生涯中设立一个单独的目标的影响。而且首段也说了assume,根据前后文,应该选择B。
本段说了一些不确定的因素来说明在职业生涯中一直追求一个目标不切实际。而空白前面说的是就业市场结构,new technologies和new work systems这双重影响,之后说了在一个公司待着不现实,那么中间选择A。
空白前面讲传统的职业规划用途有限,后面将需要升级和更新来适应我们的兴趣和外部工作环境的变化。相应的,职业规划也应该顺应这种变化。
前面讲了Flexible workers占所有劳动力的一半,后面又说了我们可能会面临_职业,顾问,或者兼职工作。那么中间的空白部分肯定讲工作形式的问题。
。前面讲到PDP,后面肯定要对其进行说明。
。这段主要讲了人们怎样评测自己的能力和工作有效性以及怎样提高的问题。空白部分后是转折,那么空白部分应该是和其相反的。
阅读题大全(11)
Read the following article on negotiating techniques and the question on the opposite page .
For each question 15–20 , mark one letter (A, B, C or D ) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you
The Negotiating Table:
You can negotiate virtually Projects, resources, expectations and deadlines are all outcomes of Some people negotiate deals for a Dr Herb Cohen is one of these professional talkers, called in by companies to negotiate on their behalf . He approaches the art of negotiation as a game because, as he is usually negotiating for somebody else, he says this helps him drain the emotional content from his He is working in a competitive field and needs to avoid being too Whether he succeeds or not, it is important to him to make a good impression so that people will recommend
The starting point for any deal, he believes, is to identify exactly what you want from each More often than not, one party will be trying to persuade the other round to their point of Negotiation requires two people at the end saying ‘yes”. This can be a problem because one of them usually begins by saying “no”. However, although this can make talks more difficult, this is often just a starting point in the negotiation Top management may well reject the idea initially because it is the safer option but they would not be there if they were not
It is a misconception that skilled negotiators are smooth operators in smart Dr Cohen says that one of his strategies is to dress down so that the other side can relate to Pitch your look to suit your You do not need to make them feel better than you but, For example, dressing in a style that is not overtly expensive or successful will make you more People will generally feel more comfortable with somebody who appears to be like them rather than superior to They may not like you but they will feel they can trust
Dr Cohen suggests that the best way to sell your proposal is by getting into the world of the other Ask questions rather than give answers and take an interest in what the other person is saying, even if you think what they are saying is You do not need to become their best friends but being too clever will alienate A lot of deals are made on Do not rush what you are saying---put a few hesitations in , do not try to blind them with your verbal Also, you should repeat back to them what they have said to show you take them
Inevitably some deals will not Generally the longer the negotiations go on, the better chance they have because people do not want to think their investment and energies have gone to However , joint venture can mean joint risk and sometimes , if this becomes too great , neither party may be prepared to see the deal through . More common is a corporate culture clash between companies, which can put paid to any Even having agreed a deal, things may not be tied up quickly because when the lawyers get involved, everything gets slowed down as they argue about small
De Cohen thinks that children are the masters of Their goals are totally They understand the decision-making process within families If Mum refuses their request , they will troop along to Dad and pressure If al else fails, they will try the grandparents, using some emotional They can also be very single-minded and have an inexhaustible supply of energy for the cause they are So there are lesson to be learned from watching and listening to
15 Dr Cohen treats negotiation as a game in order to
A put people at ease
B remain detached
C be competitive
D impress rivals
16 Many people say “no” to a suggestion in the beginning to
A convince the other party of their point of view
B show they are not really interested
C indicate they wish to take the easy option
D protect their company’s situation
17 Dr Cohen says that when you are trying to negotiate you should
A adapt your style to the people you are talking to
B make the other side feel superior to you
C dress in a way to make you feel
D try to make the other side like you
18 According to Dr Cohen, understanding the other person will help you to
A gain their friendship
B speed up the negotiations
C plan your next
D convince them of your point of view
19 Deals sometimes fail because
A negotiations have gone on too long
B the companies operate in different ways
C one party risks more than the
D the lawyers work too slowly
20 Dr Cohen mentions children’s negotiation techniques to show that you should
A be prepared to try every route
B try not to make people feel guilty
C be careful not to exhaust yourself
D control the decision-making
参考答案: 15-20 BDADBA
第一段有这样一句话needs to avoid being too adversarial,也就是说要保持客观,公正,超然,所以选择B。
从第二度最后一句话可以看出,Top management may well reject the idea initially because it is the safer option but they would not be there if they were not 应该选择D。
第三段,Dr Cohen says that one of his strategies is to dress down so that the other side can relate to Pitch your look to suit your 所以选择A。
do not need to become their best friends but being too clever will alienate you should repeat back to them what they have said to show you take them 所以选择D。
从第四段的这句话可以看出,More common is a corporate culture clash between companies, which can put paid to any 选择B
阅读题大全(12)
第一步就是要在最快的速度内拉出文章构架:即在做所有题之前先快速跳读一遍文章。通读文章的时候只需要读每段的首句、末句和转折句。一般抓住了首尾句和转折句就抓住了一段的主旨。如果在阅读中出现了转折,也就是说后面说的事情和之前讲的不一样,也就是说文章的意思有两层,转折句就是第二层意思的概括。
同学在进行托福阅读的时候做笔记是非常有必要的,看似在浪费时间,实则节省时间,将重点语句划分出来,在解答时会一目了然。托福阅读中的文章架构都是很清晰,一般我们看段首尾句和转折句就可以抓住文段的中心。
第二步判断选项,做文章小结题。我们要谨记选出来的选项是要能概括文章大意的,所以一些细节性的,和文章表述相矛盾的,或者是文章中未提及的选项都可以借助排除法进行选择。
很多同学在进行托福阅读中分辨不出那些是文章没提及的,那些是跟文章相违背的,其实这都是关于细节性的考察,我们之前做的题目就是积累细节的过程,因为主旨不可能只提一次,而且在不显眼的地方出现的,借助我们的笔记,总结出各段的大意,那样就能很容易判断出那些是段落主旨大意那些是细节性或者无关的信息。
以上就是关于“托福阅读小结题得分技巧”的内容,希望通过上述内容的学习,大家对于小结题的题型有更好的了解,在考试中更好的应对这类题型。
阅读题大全(13)
一般情况下,托福阅读前面的几大题型都是针对某一段来进行出题的,所以大家在做前面几题的时候就可以对文章内容框架和逻辑顺序有一个大致的认识,因为题目的顺序一般文章顺序是一致的,这一点考生要牢记,这对自己总结做题方法也是很重要的。在这当中,考生可以总结每一段的论点,并且留意一下每一段的概括性的中思语句的布情况,为解答最后一题做准备。再就是对于托福阅读最后一题,首段可以直接忽略,大部分情况下,首段的内容都是文章的背景介绍,在文章在起到一个铺垫作用的段落,对于整个文章的总结来说关系不是很大。
由于考试时间的关系,考生没有那么多的时间在做最一题的时候去通读全文,考生做最后一题的时候,可以大致的去浏览一下正文,对于描述性的语句可以直接忽略,一般每段的重点内容都在段首部分,这很符合西方人的表达方式。考生只要找准每段的核心内容,这样对于最后一题的解答就容易多了。
有时在题目中,考生找到中心词再与相应的关键句进行对应,就这大大的提高解题的准确率了。再有就是对阅读文章的分论点进行筛选,一般情况下分论点与主旨是环环相扣的,这时我们排除答案中的不相关的内容也是可以找出正确答案的。
如果最后一题是考察某个分论点的向个论述方面的,那么考生就可以缩小范围,然后就这个分论点找出正确答案。
最后我们来一起看一下文章小结题的正确选项具有什么样的特点。作为一个正确的选项根据上文所提到的必须是以全文主角为句子的主语,同时必须是一个概括性的观点,那么怎么样来判断这个选项是否是一个观点呢?有这样一个原则可供同学们参考:这个选项如果可以至少概括原文中某一段话的话,也就是可以作为原文中至少一段话的main idea,那么就可以认定为文章的重要观点之一。那么有同学会问到如果选项可以概括原文的相邻两段话的话,是否可以选择呢?那就可以更加确信无疑。因为如果这一选项可以概括相邻两段话的内容的话,就足以证明这一选项的概括性以及在全文的重要性。
例:
The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly sincethe entry of Europeans into Puget Sound The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in A recent Douglas biographer states:" Thedeer which once pictures quely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the "
Deerpopulations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of the areas atthat
通过上文段落的阅读理解我们可以归纳出段落的主要观点是由于人类的行为导致这一地区的deer数量产生了巨大波动,主要出现了大量减少的情况。如果我们同学们在读完这一段话之后就进行归纳并在草稿纸上进行相应的笔记记录,那么在做到最后一题的时候我们看着自己的笔记,再和题目给到我们的6个选项进行比对,我们就会发现加粗的这一句选项的内容完全概括了该段落的核心观点,也没有出现任何错误或多余的信息,所以完全符合我们之前所提到的正确选项的特点,因此可以大胆地将这一选项选出来。
阅读题大全(14)
方法一:
选大意的题目:先用最快的速度按细节排除的原则作,一般能排除两个细节选项,那么最多只错一个了,然后往往还有一个选项是被改动过是错的,所以很快就做对了。
做托福阅读时先浏览每个段落的首句(第一段短的话每句都要看),然后按段落记录关键词。
方法二:
一、分清楚文章细节与主题。在读文章的时候做好文章分析,那些是本段论点,那些是段落中的举例,和离体内容。那些肯定不是答案。除了一种情况,大段举例可以作为主旨。
二、托福阅读时做好简单笔记。理清文章思路。那些是论点及论点的支持论据,那些是转折,作者态度,就这三点。
三、排除文章中没有提到的选项。
用这些方法,相信多加练习是可以作对的。
方法三:
托福阅读最后一题感觉大致分为两种情况:比较普通的一种是选三个文章讨论的主要内容,另一种是仅针对文章某一部分的三个主要方面。由此可见,一般情况下文章肯定是有三个中心论点(不管是并列或是顺承或是递进),所以可以按照这样的方法解题。
1、回原文
2、跳过首段(首段一般交代背景引出总话题,但最后一题问的是分话题)
3、重读每段首句,读的时候主要确认分话题的组成段落。一定是某个或某几个自然段组成一个分话题,不可能出现一段中两个分话题的,反正我没见过。
4、心中确认了三个分话题,可以提取出关键词(如候鸟导航里三个:太阳、生物钟、星星),在提取关键词时候是基于做前面题对文章每段内容的了解上,因为有的在段落末句而非首句,有的在句中。
5、最后找答案,很好使,不过注意文章的主要讨论对象不能变(见蒸汽机那篇)。
6、所选答案都是结论性的。'
阅读题大全(15)
1、一般情况下,托福阅读前面的几大题型都是针对某一段来进行出题的,所以大家在做前面几题的时候就可以对文章内容框架和逻辑顺序有一个大致的认识,因为题目的顺序一般文章顺序是一致的,这一点考生要牢记,这对自己总结做题方法也是很重要的。在这当中,考生可以总结每一段的论点,并且留意一下每一段的概括性的中思语句的布情况,为解答最后一题做准备。
2、一般对于托福阅读最后一题,首段可以直接忽略,大部分情况下,首段的内容都是文章的背景介绍,在文章在起到一个铺垫作用的段落,对于整个文章的总结来说关系不是很大。
3、由于考试时间的关系,考生没有那么多的时间在做最一题的时候去通读全文,考生做最后一题的时候,可以大致的去浏览一下正文,对于描述性的语句可以直接忽略,一般每段的重点内容都在段首部分,这很符合西方人的表达方式。考生只要找准每段的核心内容,这样对于最后一题的解答就容易多了。
4、有时在题目中,考生找到中心词再与相应的关键句进行对应,就这大大的提高解题的准确率了。
5、再有就是对阅读文章的分论点进行筛选,一般情况下分论点与主旨是环环相扣的,这时我们排除答案中的不相关的内容也是可以找出正确答案的。
6、如果最后一题是考察某个分论点的向个论述方面的,那么考生就可以缩小范围,然后就这个分论点找出正确答案。
在备考托福阅读的时候,我们要知道,在托福阅读考试中,出题者对于考生的考察不可能很直观的让考生来回答对问题,更为重要的是让考生能根据题目来思考,从而选择正确的答案,这也符合一般的托福考试的出题规律。如果考生掌握了这个规律,那么做起题来也就有了目标性了。
阅读题大全(16)
找出每个段落的中心句,划分段落内部的层次,如分类/并列递进/对比转折等;
区分主旨和细节。所谓主旨,就是被别的句子来支持解释的,也即众星拱月般的“老大”;所谓细节,就是去跟随“老大”的句子,证明“老大”说的都是对的。
如果某段没有主旨句,则需自己进行总结,此时无需向小学语文课老师要求的那样,非要说出一个完整而优美的“标答”,只需用提取关键词,表示出核心观点即可,建议简洁明了,关键词包含核心概念和关键动作/状态即可。
文章结构自己分析过一遍之后,找出正确选项与各段段落大意的对应关系。记住:正确的三个选项之所以正确,一定是与原文的某些个段落的段落大意有对应关系。
错误的选项,错误逻辑基本上也可以归类为这几类:原文没有提到,原文提到了但是与原文矛盾,与原文对应内容正确但是属于细节而非主要观点。这三类错误隐蔽性属于逐级增强,同学们需要仔细去与文章核对。
阅读题大全(17)
陷阱一:熟词僻义
词汇类问题(Vocabulary Questions)是新托福阅读考试每次必考题型,而且题量较多,每篇文章通常出现3-5题,它要求考生确定文章中个别单词或短语的具体意思(一个单词可能有多个意思,但在给定选项中只有一个选项与该单词在阅读文章中的意思相符)。这种题型总的来说还是比较简单的,但这种题型中的“陷阱”即“熟词僻义” 让考生们头痛不已。
所谓“熟词僻义”也就是词汇题中所考查的单词尽管考生比较熟悉,对其常用含义也了解,但恰恰题目中考查的是该单词在阅读文章中的意思,而该意思是考生所不熟的。而往往考生们受该单词常用含义的影响,导致选错答案。比如“calling”一词的常用含义为“呼喊、召唤”,而新托福阅读中则可能考到该词的“职业、天职”的含义。
欲应对此“陷阱”,建议考生们在备考中扩大自己词汇量的同时,掌握猜测单词意思的技巧(利用上下文、构词法等),同时注意这种题型主要考查单词在文章里面的意思,建议考生们在选出答案后把答案放回原文进行检验。
陷阱二:题干中设陷阱
托福阅读中,考生在浏览完一篇文章之后,就可以开始答题了。我们会先阅读文章题干,然后在定位原文进行答题。有些题干是有陷阱的,掉入陷阱就会出错,下面小编就为大家分享托福阅读题干陷阱,希望对大家有所帮助,避免陷阱,提高阅读的正确率。
最容易出错的一类题是According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?和The author’s decision of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT
这类题型又叫否定事实信息题,跟事实信息题相反的是,这类题型需要选出错误的选项,并不是选择正确的选项。考生在做题过程,除了这道题目是要求选择错误选项,其它都是选择正确的,因此考生经常在考试中犯迷糊,结果就会选错答案,影响了托福阅读的分数。
陷阱三:定位信息陷阱
托福阅读中的细节题其实不难,但前提是定位的点要对,比如下面这个例题:
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
It is native to lowlands and
It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of
It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open
It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once
这是一个典型的细节题,在该题题干中,有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为关键词回原文定位,因为它是专有名词,在文中会比较显眼。但是如果一旦选择了这个地名,势必会定位在该段的第一句话,托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案,这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的,因为定位不精确。其实正确的关键词应该是white-tailed deer,这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的,按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符,B和C都与定位句信息无关。
陷阱四:选项中陷阱重重
在托福阅读中,托福阅读的选项也有很多陷阱,而且不同的题型选项陷阱的设置方法是不同的:
★直接事实题中,有的选项重复文章中的信息,但并没有回答问题。这样的选项最容易迷惑考生。对此,建议考生们在做直接事实题时直接排除那些本身就矛盾的选项,同时千万不要因为某个选项内容在文章中出现过就选择该选项,一定要回答问题。
★句子简化题中有的选项内容和原文相符,但忽略了原文重要信息,这样的选项最容易误导考生。建议考生在做题时要仔细研读文章中所标识的句子,根据标点和关联词把句子按照义群拆分为几个部分,学会长句短读,迅速找出句子的主句,也就是主谓宾或者主系表。
★修辞目的题中,选项中出现的是例子,即作者说了什么,但这种题考查的是作者为什么这样说。建议考生们在做题时注意字眼definition,example,toillustrate,toexplain,tocriticize等。
★推论类问题中,选项重复原文信息,也就是选项为原文直接清楚表述的内容,这样的选项也容易误导考生。建议考生们注意在解答此类问题时,不仅要理解作者所写出的句子的字面意思,还必须搞清楚这些句子之间的逻辑性暗示。正确答案一定是从原文中已经给出的内容推论出来的。
★摘要题中,选项为细节信息或者是支持性论述,而非主要观点。建议考生们在做此类题型时注意:该题主要考察考生对文章主要观点及相对重要信息的理解和辨识能力,因此正确的答案综合了文章的各个观点,所以不会与文章中的任何一句话完全相符;欲选出正确答案考生需要在通篇文章中查找,并且在头脑中形成文章的一个整体框架结构,并且记清楚文章主要观点和其他重要信息。
阅读题大全(18)
谈美阅读题答案大全
阅读理解是学好一切课程的基础,这并不是吓唬人。阅读即是对文本的加工和理解过程。我们学习任何一门课程都有对文本的阅读的过程。下面小编收集了谈美阅读题及答案,供大家参考。
阅读下面的文字,完成后面题目。
我们对于一棵古松的三种态度
朱光潜
谁都知道,一切事物都有几种看法。你说一件事物是美的或是丑的,这也只是一种看法。换一个看法,你说它是真的或是假的;再换一种看法,你说它是善的或是恶的。同是一件事物,看法有多种,所看出来的现象也就有多种。
假如你是一位木商,我是一位植物学家,另外一位朋友是画家,三人同时来看这一棵古松,我们三人可以同时都“知觉”到这一棵树,可是三人所“知觉”到的却是三种不同的东西,你脱离不了你的木商的心习,你所知觉到的只是一棵做某事用值几多钱的木料。我也脱离不了我的植物学家的心习,我所知觉到的只是一棵叶为针状、果为球状、四季常青的显花植物。我们的朋友——画家,什么事都不管,只管审美,他所知觉到的只是一棵苍翠、劲拔的古树。我们三人的反应态度也不一致。你心里盘算它是宜于架屋或是制器,思量怎样去买它,砍它,运它。我把它归到某类某科里去,注意它和其它松树的异点,思量它何以活得这样老。我们的朋友却不这样东想西想,他只在聚精会神的观赏它的苍翠颜色,它的盘屈如龙蛇的线纹以及它的那股昂然高举、不受屈挠的气概。
从此可知道这棵古松并不是一件固定的东西,它的形相随观者的性格和情趣而变化,各人所见到的古松的形相都是各人自己性格和情趣的返照。古松的形相一半是天生的,一半也是人为的。极平常的`知觉都是带有几分创造性;极客观的东西之中都有几分主观的成分。
美也是如此。有审美的眼晴才能见到美,这棵古松对于我们的画画的朋友是美的,因为他去看时就抱了美感的态度。你和我如果也想见到它的美,你须得把你那种木商的实用的态度丢开,我须得把植物学家的科学的态度丢开,专持美感的态度去看它。
这三种态度有什么分别呢?
先说实用的态度。做人的第一件大事就是维持生活,既要生活,就要讲究如何利用环境。“环境”包含我自己以外的一切人和物在内,这些人和物有些对于我的生活有益,有些对于我的生活有害,有些对于我不关痛痒。我们对于他们于是有爱恶的情感,有趋就或逃避的意志和活动。这就是实用的态度。实用的态度起于实用的知觉,实用的知觉起于经验。小孩子初出世,第一次遇见火就伸手去捉,他烧痛了,以后他再遇见火,便认识它是什么东西,便明了它是烧痛手指的,火对于他于是有了意义。
科学的态度则不然,它纯粹是客观的、理论的。所谓客观的态度就是把自己的成见和情感完全丢开,专以“无所为而为”的精神去探求真理。理论是和实用相对的。理论本来可以见诸实用,但是科学家的直接目的却不在于实用。科学家的态度之中很少有情感和意志,它的最重要的心理活动是抽象的思考。科学家要在这个混乱的世界中寻出事物的关系和条理,纳个物于概念,从原理演个例,分出某者为因,某者为果,某者为特征,某者为偶然性。植物学家看古松的态度便是如此。
实用的态度以善为最高目的,科学的态度以真为最高目的,美感的态度以美为最高目的。在实用的态度中,我们的注意力偏在事物对人的利害,心理活动偏重意志;在科学的态度中,我们的注意力偏在事物间互相关系,心理活动偏重抽象的思考;在美感的态度中,我们的注意力专在事物本身的形相,心理活动偏重直觉。真、善、美都是人所定的价值,不是事物所本有的特质。离开人的观点而言,事物都混然无别,善恶、真伪、美丑就漫无意义。真、善、美都含有若干主观的成分。
就“用”字的狭义说,美是最没有用处的。科学家的目的虽只在辨别真伪,他所得的结果却可效用于人类社会。美的事物如诗文、图画、雕刻、音乐等等都是寒不可以衣,饥不可以为食的。从实用的观点看,许多艺术家都是太不切实用的人物。然则我们又何必来讲美呢?人性本来是多方的,需要也多方的。真、善、美三者俱备才可以算是完全的人。人性中本有饮食欲,渴而无所饮,饥而无所食,固然是一种缺乏;人性中本有求知欲而没有科学的活动,本有美的尝好而没有美感的活动,也未始不是一种缺乏。真和美的需要也是人生中的一种饥渴,精神上的饥渴。疾病、衰老的身体才没有口腹的饥渴。同理,你遇到一个没有精神上的饥渴的人或民族,你可断定他的心灵已到了疾病、衰老状态。照这样看,我们可以说,美是事物的最有价值的一面,美感的经验是人生中最有价值的一面。
节选自朱光潜《谈美》,有删节
1.下列说法,不符合作者意思的两项是( )( )(5分)
A.对一切事物,看法都可以有多种,可以从美丑、真假、善恶等不同的角度去看待。因为看法有多种,所以所看出来的现象也就有多种。
B.因为画家拥有有审美的眼晴,所以他去看古松时就抱了美感的态度,才能见到美;而木商和植物学家就没有这样的眼光和态度。
C.实用的态度起于实用的知觉,实用的知觉起于经验;但是科学家的直接目的却不在于实用,而是要对这个混乱的世界进行抽象的思考。
D.美是最没有用处的,美的事物如诗文、图画、雕刻、音乐等等都是寒不可以为衣,饥不可以为食,所以许多艺术家都是太不切实用的人物。
E.人性本来是多方的,需要也多方的。人有饮食之欲,但真和美的需要也是人生中的另一种饥渴,精神上的饥渴。
2.根据作者的美学观点,下列推断中合理的一项是( )(3分)
A.是壶就可以贮茶,是杯就可以装水,实用就好,不必求它们形式、花样、颜色都要好看。
B.饿了就吃饱饭,困了就睡觉,冷了就添衣,何必又呕心沥血去做诗、画画、奏乐呢?
C.基于科学的态度,我们能判断某些人和物对于人的生活有益,而有些对于人的生活有害。
D.在历史长河中,许多轰轰烈烈的成功和失败也都湮没了,而只有艺术作品真正是不朽的。
3.作者在本文结尾处写到:“一个没有精神上的饥渴的人或民族,你可断定他的心灵已到了疾病、衰老状态”,请结合文意分析作者这样说的理由。(4分)
4.作者曾在《谈美》后文中提及:“美和实际人生有一个距离”,“人常是不满意自己的境遇而羡慕他人的境遇”,“树的倒影何以比正身美”等观点,请结合本文陈述的三种态度中的某两种,来分析这种状态产生的原因。(4分)
【答案】
1.BD
2.D
3.①人性本来是多方的,需要也多方的。真、善、美三者俱备才可以算是完全的人;②求知欲、科学的活动、美的尝好、有美感的活动,都属精神上的饥渴,是心灵的健康状态,若缺乏这些,则是病态或衰老之态;③美是事物的最有价值的一面,美感的经验是人生中最有价值的一面。(意思对即可,每点1分,三点答对得4分)
4. ①从实用的态度来看,我们对维持自己生活的环境会区分出哪些对于我们的生活有益,哪些对于我们的生活有害,有爱恶的情感,总羡慕别人的环境而觉得自己的不如意;②科学的态度偏重理性,研究事物间的相互关系,它的目的是求真相,要理清事物的关系和条理,而美感是专在事物本身的形相,心理活动偏重直觉;③从美感的观点来看,树的倒影不会让人联想到树可以拥有的各种实用价值,而是像图画一样的美丽幻境,让人产生美的体验。(每点2分,意思对即可)
【解析】
1.试题分析:B“而木商和植物学家就没有这样的眼光和态度”原文无此信息;D原文是“就‘用’字的狭义说,美是最没有用处的”,“从实用的观点看,许多艺术家都是太不切实用的人物”,扩大了范围,窜改了文意。
考点:筛选并整合文中的信息。能力层级为分析综合C。
2.试题分析:AB两项都是从实用观点来看待一切事物,C项在原文中作者也是归于“实用的态度”。
考点:归纳内容要点,概括中心意思。能力层级为分析综合C。
3.试题分析:本题考查学生筛选信息的能力。要回答本题,首先明确查找范围。其次要学会分层次,要有答案分条的意识。本题的答题范围就是最后一段。学生只需对其进行分析层次即可得出答案。
考点:筛选并整合文中的信息。能力层级为分析综合C。
4.试题分析:这是一个拓展性的题目。考查学生理解文意和运用的能力。根据文中提供的“实用”、“科学”、“美感”的三个角度来阐释作者的观点。在谈论时,一方面要结合题干,一方面要联系文中的三种态度。要将二者有机的结合在一起。
考点:分析概括作者在文中的观点态度。能力层级为分析综合C。