句子分析（1）

对于托福阅读来说考生们的差距经常就体现在到底读到了什么水平，有些人在有限的托福阅读时间内与别人所读出来的东西要相差许多，这就会对托福阅读试题造成困扰。

很多考生在平时练习时习惯边读文章边在题目上划线，似乎不做记号 ，思维就无法跟上托福阅读的速度，但是到了真正上机考试，不能对文章做记号的时候，考生难免会乱了阵脚。

有些考生因为托福阅读时间紧，所以根本没等读完全文就直接做托福阅读试题，这种抱着侥幸心理的考生真的上了考场其实是很危险的，因为单凭对文章局部的理解，根本无法掌握文章的整体内容和观点。

而还有一些考生必须把文章一字不漏的阅读和翻译之后才能做题，往往忽视了阅读的速度，这种细读的方法之适用于两种情况：一种是考生已经具备相当强的阅读水平，而且长期运用这种方法，另外一种是这篇文章是你曾经读到过的，即使一字一句的读也不会花太多时间。

很多人都认为词汇题的做的好不好完全取决于自己的词汇量，事实上词汇量是占了相当一部分比重，但是不知道大家是否有过这样的经历，有时候不认识的词经过对上下文的理解和分析也可以作对，反而是那些认识的词汇经常出错，这是因为大家在面对自己有把握的词汇时，往往忽略了上下文的重要性，凭感觉选出了一个自认为理所当然的答案。所以，做好词汇题的关键就在于透彻分析上下文，有时候，个别词汇题也许需要在文章其他段落寻找线索。

其实阅读部分不仅是测试大家对托福文章的理解，还包括阅读的速度，这两方面都不能被忽视，光是具备扎实的基础还远远不够，还需要搭配运用巧妙的做题技巧才能取得阅读高分。

College courses aren’t all “Econ 1011”

and “The History of Europe: 1500-Present”. A trend among many colleges and universities is to offer courses that are slightly off the beaten track . Many of these courses draw their themes from pop culture or sports, or they may be the brainchildren of professors who want to share their passion with They may be no less serious than traditional courses, but they certainly cover new academic Students take these off beat courses for a variety of reasons—hoping for an easy A, to try something fun, or to explore a new

1) You can boldly go where no other philosophy student has gone before in Georgetown University ’s “Philosophy and Star Trek” course, where students discuss the nature of time travel, the ability of computers to think and feel, and other philosophical dilemmas facing the crew of the Starship

2) Discover how Brick really felt when Opal left him for his neighbor’s best friend’s sister in the University of Wisconsin’s course entitled “Daytime Serials: Family and Social ” Students analyze

the plots, themes, and characters of daytime soaps and discuss their impact on modern

3) If you’ve been longing to research how hot dogs, theme parks, and the five-day workweek have impacted American leisure culture, check out the University of Iowa course “The American Vacation”. This course pays particular attention to how American families’ varying backgrounds shape their vacation

4) Bowdoin College students can delve into “The Horror Film in Context” in the school’s English Students read Freud and Poe and watch Hitchcock and Craven， all while discussing the horror genre’ s treatment of gender, class, and

5) At Williams College, students can learn more about those in the cement shoe industry by enrolling in “Comparative History of Organized Crime”， which compares the work of goodfellas from the United States, Italy, Japan, and

6) If you’ve got a romantic urge for adventure, check out Barnard College’s course on “The Road Movie”， which studies Easy Rider and Thelma and Louise, while also discussing the genre’s literary precursors , like On the Road and The

7) If hitting the road doesn’t satisfy your rebellious streak, sign up for Brown University’s course on “American Degenerates”， in which students discuss how early British-American writers embraced the grotesque , monstrous, “not our kind” status bestowed on them by the mother country and reflected their zeal for cultural and physical degeneracy in their

8) Those artsy types at the Rhode Island School of Design can put down their paintbrushes and take “The Art of Sin and the Sin of Art”， which contemplates the relationship between sin and the art The course catalog invites you to “lust with the saints and burn with the sinners ”.

9) If talking about death several times a week in class sounds like a good time to you, try Purdue University’s “Death and the Nineteenth Century” Every poem and novel in the course deals with the 19th-century conception of mortality and the world

10) At Centre College in Danville, Kentucky, students can take “Art of Walking”， in which students not only read literature by noted perambulators like Kant and Nietzsche, but go for neighborhood strolls with their professor and his

Most college programs offer interesting courses to introduce you to new and fascinating subject Take advantage of the many possibilities offered to you by sitting down with your advisor to talk about course options and then really thinking about the courses you choose to

例如当你看到一篇文章，首先要扫一下第一段，看看文章的难易程度，一般情况，平均每篇文章用时11分钟左右，5篇文章中一定有2篇难度稍微大一些，所以首先定位文章的难度和分数的比重，有助于合理的安排做题时间，以便在相同的时间内拿到最多的分数。

然后，建议大家从文章的结构入手。文章的首句尤为重要，首句经常涉及了文章的主题。其他段落也是主要看首句，后面的部分一般都是用来说明段落主题句的，所以略读带过即可，没必要每个句子都理解到位，白白浪费时间。这样掌握每段大意，就不至于出现大方向上的理解偏差。

句子分析（2）

推论题(Inference)：文章中有些论点/观点没有明确阐述，但却强烈暗示出来了。例如，文章论述的结果引出了，推论题就可能就造成结果的起因提问。如果文中有比较，推论题就可能问做比较的基础是什么。如果文中有对某一新现象的明确阐述，推论题就可能要求推论旧现象的特征。推论题虽然是传统题型，但难度很大，需要考生花大功夫准备。

例题：Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric The result was a product called Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?

a)They did not smoke when they were

b)They produced a pleasant odor as they

c)They were not available to

d)They contained sulfuric

正确答案是这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。

文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali和sulfuric acid来提炼tallow，提炼后的产品就是stearin，stearin比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usual smoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。

句子分析（3）

原文：

This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been

翻译：

这个由Thomas Savery发明并由他的搭档Thomas Newcomen大力改善的“大气引擎”体现了革命性的原理，但它如此慢和浪费燃料以致于不能再煤矿的以外的地方使用，尽管原来是这么设计的。

以上就是托福阅读中长难句的训练分析介绍，希望大家能够学到有效的训练和提升方法，让自己更为轻松地面对长难句得到高分。

词汇讲解：

embody /?m'b?d?/ 体现(想法﹑ 感情等)，使(想法﹑ 感情等)具体化;包括或含有某物

revolutionary /'r?v?'l???'n?ri/ 革命的

employ = make use of sb/sth 使用

结构划分：

This “atmospheric engine,” (invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen,) embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel (that it could not be employed outside the coal mines) (for which it had been )

解析：

修饰一：(invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen,) ，插入语，修饰this “atmospheric engine”，大家注意这里的断句，This “atmospheric engine” embodied revolutionary principles被隔开了，断句很重要

中文：由Thomas Savery发明并由他的搭档Thomas Newcomen大力改善的

修饰二：(that it could not be employed outside the coal mines) ，从句，so…that结构

中文：不能在煤矿的以外的地方使用

修饰三：(for which it had been ) ，从句，修饰coal mines

中文：引擎被设计

句子分析（4）

Hormones in the Body

Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the There, it stimulates the release of digestive In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the

Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in ” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen

As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the Such glands include the thyroid and the The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine

Much has been learned about hormones since their Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as Hormonal systems are very Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with

In fact, some hormone therapies are already very A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal

Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the

The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) desire

(B) origin

(C) science

(D) chemical

The word it in the passage refers to

(A) secretin

(B) small intestine

(C) bloodstream

(D) pancreas

The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) remembered

(B) surprised

(C) invented

(D) motivated

To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must

(A) be part of the digestive process

(B) influence the operations of the nervous system

(C) affect processes in a different part of the body

(D) regulate attitudes and behavior

The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to

(A) whether scientists understand their function

(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body

(C) whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process

(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the blood

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]

The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) misunderstood

(B) precise

(C) significant

(D) simple

The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) sudden

(B) small

(C) changing

(D) noticeable

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential

(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the

(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions

(C) When the body is not producing enough hormones, urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological

(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions

The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) decreased

(B) advertised

(C) prescribed

(D) researched

Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?

(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal

(B) Adults with strong digestive systems

(C) Children who are not at risk from the treatment

(D) Children who may remain abnormally small

of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?

These sentences are highlighted in the

(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with

(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle

(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will

(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without

Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the body is a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believingthey aren’t would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2

The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small

Answer Choices

The term hormone is based on a Greek word that means "to excite" or "to set in "Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from

Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and

Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age

Answer Keys

Reading：

B

A

D

C

D

C

B

D

A

D

A

third square

) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….

2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…

3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ….

句子分析（5）

杨绛的“幸运”，不仅仅是指她与老王两人在物质上悬殊的比较，杨绛的“幸运”首先应该是在她们一家遭逢“不幸”的时候，遇到了老王这种“最老实”的人。老王给予她一家的帮助，可谓尽了自己最大的努力。

杨绛又为什么是“幸运的人”?

老王不懂得什么是“欺负”，“他大概压根儿没想到这点”，在老王的人生字典里，本就没有“欺负”二字。老王只知道本分地做人，老实地做事。尽管生活对他而言是不公平的，但他还是一如既往地安分守己，坚守自己的道德良心。

虽然杨绛也有“不幸”：被冲击，自己下放到干校;丈夫腿走不得路，还得自己烦请老王帮助送医院。但这些在文章中只是一带而过。因为杨绛写此文的真实用意，是想通过剖析自己与老王相识的点点滴滴，传达她对人生的别样体悟，所以其他的一切也就不可能在这样的一篇短文中详尽地表述。杨绛同情老王际遇的“不幸”，也尽了自己的力量在经济上帮助老王。在她看来，老王已经够可怜的了，自己无论如何也不能占老王的一丁点儿便宜了。知识分子内心深处的那份“清高”，使她在对人和对事上都坚守着一种原则，那就是决不欠别人的情。在她的心目中，老王与“别人”是等同的。因此，她对老王的付出，总是物化为用金钱给予回报：老王给她家送冰，尽管老王说“车费减半”，可她坚持不减;老王送钱先生去医院，“坚决不肯拿钱”，可她“一定要给钱”;即使是老王在生命行将结束时，给她送去鸡蛋和香油，她还是“拿钱去侮辱他”。请注意，杨绛在这里用了一个特别醒目的词：“侮辱。”它让人更多地感受到老人在写此文时的一种别样心境，意蕴深远。我们再读文章中的这样两段文字：我谢了他的好香油，谢了他的大鸡蛋，然后转身进屋去。他赶忙止住我说：“我不是要钱。” 我也赶忙解释：“我知道，我知道--不过你既然来了，就免得托人捎了。” 这里的两个“赶忙”耐人寻味，老王的“赶忙”是知道了杨绛“转身进屋”的动作将意味着什么，这是老王最不愿意接受的;而杨绛的“赶忙”，是她没有能领悟老王的心思。其实那个时候，她也无暇去领悟，因为，那时杨绛看到的老王是：“直僵僵地镶嵌在门框里”，“简直像棺材里倒出来的”“僵尸”，“骷髅上绷着一层枯黄的干皮，打上一棍就会散成一堆白骨”。出于一种本能，她“害怕得糊涂”了，一心想到的只是赶紧打发老王走。而打发老王走的最好方式就是钱。我想，任何人对杨绛在这样一个特定时候的举止，都没有理由非议。事情的结果，自然是老王无奈地接受了他最不愿意接受的“钱”。从这一个细节中，我们不难看出当时杨绛与老王之间内心深处的一种隔阂。这样的隔阂，在文章中还有，那就是老王在最后一次去杨绛家的“十多天”后，杨绛与老王同院的老李的对话：“老王怎么样了?好些没有?” “早埋了。” “呀，他什么时候……” “什么时候死的?就是到您那儿的第二天。” 从这段文字中，我们不难看出，与老王有着隔阂的还不仅仅是杨绛老人，即使是与老王同处一个阶层的老李与老王也有着隔阂，虽然两类隔阂的意义有可能不同。

然而，杨绛毕竟是一个有着社会良知的高级知识分子，老王的死，促使她“一再追忆”老王生前留下的“话”，“捉摸他是否知道”自己对他的“谢意”，可杨绛得到的却是“心上不安”。这样的“不安”，不停地拷问着她的灵魂，使她顿然了悟：自己既往与老王之间的点点滴滴，是那样的不公平;自己对老王“钱”的回报与老王对自己“心”的付出相比较，是那样的微不足道。这于她而言无疑是一种揪心的痛。这也正是“几年过去了”之后，杨绛反思生活的一种精神的自省。知识分子精神的自省，又何尝不是另外一种意义上的“幸运”呢?

其实，杨绛文中结语的“幸运的人”，原先是“多吃多占的人”，作者之所以作出这样的改动，是有她深层次的考虑。

总结：还有一点作为补充：老王这样的一个普通的人，最终让杨绛老人深刻地觉悟出人生的“愧疚”，而她又将这一切质朴地昭示于后人，那又该是后人的“大幸”了。杨绛所说的“一个幸运的人对一个不幸者的愧怍”的真正原因吧。

句子分析（6）

(1)理解句子的含义，首先抓住句子的中心词语，明白句子的表层含义，再结合上下文或主旨，并联系句子的修辞、表现手法等，用通顺、明白的语言把深层含义诠释出来。

例如：“结合具体语境，说说文章第④段中画横线句的含义。”画线句“何必非要看到下蛋的鸡呢?”用了比喻的修辞，形象有趣;再联系上文，“有人看了钱钟书先生的文章后慕名来访”，不难理解它的真实意思：读到好文章并不一定要了解作者，也没必要特意拜访作者。(20XX年河北中考议论文阅读《谈“忍”》)

(2)分析某句话在文中的作用，一般从内容和结构两个方面考虑，可以从它在文中的位置入手，结合表达方式等来进行。

在文章开头，内容方面上：(议论、抒情句)开门见山，开篇点题(主旨、话题、论点);(描写句)交代故事发生的环境、地点，渲染气氛，定下感情基调等。结构方面：或总领下文，或埋下伏笔推动故事情节的发展(记叙文)，或设置悬念、吸引读者(记叙文)等。

在文章中间，内容方面：(议论、抒情句)画龙点睛，点明事件的意义，抒发作者的感情等;结构方面：承上启下(过渡);概括分论点(议论文)等。如果句子单独成段，还有强调的作用。

在文章末尾，内容方面：(议论、抒情句)点明(强调)中心，深化(升华)主题(记叙文);归纳总结论点(议论文);照应题目，首尾呼应，使结构完整等。

另外，还应考虑到句子所带的标点符号和使用的修辞方法的作用---

如：句末带省略号，还有引人联想、思考的作用。

感叹句：抒发作者真挚深沉的情感，引发读者的感情共鸣，使文章具有强大的感染力。

比喻，拟人：生动形象地写出了描写事物、表现对象的特征(表现了人物或作者的感情)。

排比，反复：增强语言气势，强调了对象的特点(记叙文、说明文)，作者观点，感情(议论文、记叙文)，加强节奏感。

反问，设问：强调某些内容，加强语气;激发读者的注意和思考。

总结：用比喻来对某某事物的特征进行描绘和渲染。可使事物生动形象具体可感，以此引发读者联想和想象，给人以鲜明深刻的印象，并使语言文采斐然，富有很强的感染力。使语言生动形象，还可以使深刻的、抽象的道理浅显、具体地表达出来。

句子分析（7）

杨绛的“幸运”，不仅仅是指她与老王两人在物质上悬殊的比较，杨绛的“幸运”首先应该是在她们一家遭逢“不幸”的时候，遇到了老王这种“最老实”的人。老王给予她一家的帮助，可谓尽了自己最大的努力。

杨绛又为什么是“幸运的人”?

老王不懂得什么是“欺负”，“他大概压根儿没想到这点”，在老王的人生字典里，本就没有“欺负”二字。老王只知道本分地做人，老实地做事。尽管生活对他而言是不公平的，但他还是一如既往地安分守己，坚守自己的道德良心。

虽然杨绛也有“不幸”：被冲击，自己下放到干校;丈夫腿走不得路，还得自己烦请老王帮助送医院。但这些在文章中只是一带而过。因为杨绛写此文的真实用意，是想通过剖析自己与老王相识的点点滴滴，传达她对人生的别样体悟，所以其他的一切也就不可能在这样的一篇短文中详尽地表述。杨绛同情老王际遇的“不幸”，也尽了自己的力量在经济上帮助老王。在她看来，老王已经够可怜的了，自己无论如何也不能占老王的一丁点儿便宜了。知识分子内心深处的那份“清高”，使她在对人和对事上都坚守着一种原则，那就是决不欠别人的情。在她的心目中，老王与“别人”是等同的。因此，她对老王的付出，总是物化为用金钱给予回报：老王给她家送冰，尽管老王说“车费减半”，可她坚持不减;老王送钱先生去医院，“坚决不肯拿钱”，可她“一定要给钱”;即使是老王在生命行将结束时，给她送去鸡蛋和香油，她还是“拿钱去侮辱他”。请注意，杨绛在这里用了一个特别醒目的词：“侮辱。”它让人更多地感受到老人在写此文时的一种别样心境，意蕴深远。我们再读文章中的这样两段文字：我谢了他的好香油，谢了他的大鸡蛋，然后转身进屋去。他赶忙止住我说：“我不是要钱。” 我也赶忙解释：“我知道，我知道--不过你既然来了，就免得托人捎了。” 这里的两个“赶忙”耐人寻味，老王的“赶忙”是知道了杨绛“转身进屋”的动作将意味着什么，这是老王最不愿意接受的;而杨绛的“赶忙”，是她没有能领悟老王的心思。其实那个时候，她也无暇去领悟，因为，那时杨绛看到的老王是：“直僵僵地镶嵌在门框里”，“简直像棺材里倒出来的”“僵尸”，“骷髅上绷着一层枯黄的干皮，打上一棍就会散成一堆白骨”。出于一种本能，她“害怕得糊涂”了，一心想到的只是赶紧打发老王走。而打发老王走的最好方式就是钱。我想，任何人对杨绛在这样一个特定时候的举止，都没有理由非议。事情的结果，自然是老王无奈地接受了他最不愿意接受的“钱”。从这一个细节中，我们不难看出当时杨绛与老王之间内心深处的一种隔阂。这样的隔阂，在文章中还有，那就是老王在最后一次去杨绛家的“十多天”后，杨绛与老王同院的老李的对话：“老王怎么样了?好些没有?” “早埋了。” “呀，他什么时候……” “什么时候死的?就是到您那儿的第二天。” 从这段文字中，我们不难看出，与老王有着隔阂的还不仅仅是杨绛老人，即使是与老王同处一个阶层的老李与老王也有着隔阂，虽然两类隔阂的意义有可能不同。

然而，杨绛毕竟是一个有着社会良知的高级知识分子，老王的死，促使她“一再追忆”老王生前留下的“话”，“捉摸他是否知道”自己对他的“谢意”，可杨绛得到的却是“心上不安”。这样的“不安”，不停地拷问着她的灵魂，使她顿然了悟：自己既往与老王之间的点点滴滴，是那样的不公平;自己对老王“钱”的回报与老王对自己“心”的付出相比较，是那样的微不足道。这于她而言无疑是一种揪心的痛。这也正是“几年过去了”之后，杨绛反思生活的一种精神的自省。知识分子精神的自省，又何尝不是另外一种意义上的“幸运”呢?

其实，杨绛文中结语的“幸运的人”，原先是“多吃多占的人”，作者之所以作出这样的改动，是有她深层次的考虑。

总结：还有一点作为补充：老王这样的一个普通的人，最终让杨绛老人深刻地觉悟出人生的“愧疚”，而她又将这一切质朴地昭示于后人，那又该是后人的“大幸”了。杨绛所说的“一个幸运的人对一个不幸者的愧怍”的真正原因吧。

句子分析（8）

The snow glows white on the mountain tonight

皑皑白雪覆盖今夜的山

Not a footprint to be seen

埋藏身后我的足迹

A kingdom of isolation

在这孤独白色的国度

And it looks like I'm the queen

我就是那冰雪的女王

The wind is howling like this swirling storm inside

狂风呼号，内心变涌动不能平息

Couldn't keep it in, heaven knows I've tried

不管多努力，再也无法藏匿

Don't let them in, don't let them see

掩藏好自己，不许别人靠近

Be the good girl you always have to be

做一个好女孩，你必须一直都是

Conceal, don't feel, don't let them know

把真心封闭，不让人看清

Well, now they know

如今被看清

Let it go, let it go

不再躲，不再怕

Can't hold it back anymore

秘密已经大白于天下

Let it go, let it go

不管他，不害怕

Turn away and slam the door

告别过去不留一丝牵挂

I don't care what they're going to say

别人的话，何必在乎它

Let the storm rage on

就让狂风怒号

My power flurries through the air into the ground

雪花漫天飘下，这是我的魔法

My soul is spiraling in frozen fractals all around

冰雪旋转纷飞，是我搞错灵魂在升华

I'm never going back, the past is in the past

过去已是过去，是再也回不去

Let it go, let it go

不沉溺，不在意

And I'll rise like the break of dawn

如晨曦一般冉冉升起

Let it go, let it go

算了吧，忘了吧

That perfect girl is gone

别指望我回到过去

Here I stand in the light of day

站在这里，不再藏匿

Let the storm rage on

任那狂风怒号

The cold never bothered me anyway

寒冷再也别想打扰我

句子分析（9）

原文：

Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a

参考翻译：

估计表明：蓄水层包含充足的水去填满Huron湖。但很不幸，在目前这个地区半干旱气候条件下，蓄水层的补水率很小，总计大约一年50毫米。

词汇讲解：

aquifer /'?kw?f?/ 含水土层

semiarid /?sem(a)?'?r?d/ 半干旱的

结构划分：

Estimates indicate (that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron), but unfortunately, (under the semiarid climatic conditions) (that presently exist in the region), rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, (amounting to about half a centimeter a )

解析：

修饰一：(under the semiarid climatic conditions)，介词短语，修饰后面红色主干部分

中文：在半干旱气候条件下

修饰二：(that presently exist in the region)，从句，修饰conditions

中文：现在存在于这个地区

修饰三：(amounting to about half a centimeter a ) ，非谓语动词，修饰前面红色主干

中文：总计大约一年50毫米

主干：rates ofaddition to the aquifer are minimal

中文：蓄水层的补水率很小

句子分析（10）

原文：

As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South

翻译：

正如美国人类学家Patrick Kirch所指出的，甘薯并不是南美人用筏运来的，而是通过已经去过南美西海岸的玻利尼西亚返航者很方便就带来了。

以上就是托福阅读中长难句的训练分析介绍，希望大家能够学到有效的训练和提升方法，让自己更为轻松地面对长难句得到高分。

词汇讲解：

anthropologist /?nθr?'p?l?d??st/ 人类学家

rather than 而不是

raft /rɑ?ft/ 筏 用筏子载运(人或货物)

navigator /'n?v?ge?t?/ 航行者，航海者;领航员，导航员;导航仪

结构划分：

As Patrick Kirch, (an American anthropologist), points out, (rather than being brought by rafting South Americans), sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back (by returning Polynesian navigators) (who could have reached the west coast of South )

解析：

修饰一：(an American anthropologist)，同位语，修饰Patrick Kirch

中文：美国人类学家

修饰二：(rather than being brought byrafting South Americans)，介词短语，rather than是托福阅读里一个高频短语，大家记住它是一个介词，表示“而不是”

中文：不是南美人用筏运来的

修饰三：(by returning Polynesiannavigators)，介词短语，修饰bringback

中文：玻利尼西亚返航者

修饰四：(who could have reached the westcoast of South ) ，从句，修饰navigators

中文：已经去过南美西海岸

主干：swee官方真题Officialtatoes might just have easily been brought back

句子分析（11）

原文：

This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been

翻译：

这个由Thomas Savery发明并由他的搭档Thomas Newcomen大力改善的“大气引擎”体现了革命性的原理，但它如此慢和浪费燃料以致于不能再煤矿的以外的地方使用，尽管原来是这么设计的。

以上就是托福阅读中长难句的训练分析介绍，希望大家能够学到有效的训练和提升方法，让自己更为轻松地面对长难句得到高分。

词汇讲解：

embody /?m'b?d?/ 体现(想法﹑ 感情等)，使(想法﹑ 感情等)具体化;包括或含有某物

revolutionary /'r?v?'l???'n?ri/ 革命的

employ = make use of sb/sth 使用

结构划分：

This “atmospheric engine,” (invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen,) embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel (that it could not be employed outside the coal mines) (for which it had been )

解析：

修饰一：(invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen,) ，插入语，修饰this “atmospheric engine”，大家注意这里的断句，This “atmospheric engine” embodied revolutionary principles被隔开了，断句很重要

中文：由Thomas Savery发明并由他的搭档Thomas Newcomen大力改善的

修饰二：(that it could not be employed outside the coal mines) ，从句，so…that结构

中文：不能在煤矿的以外的地方使用

修饰三：(for which it had been ) ，从句，修饰coal mines

中文：引擎被设计

句子分析（12）

Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other

结构划分：

Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and (although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills),it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed (where nature intended them to), and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks (whether or not the location was desirable for other )

翻译：

只有最后一种完全适合持续运转的机器，虽然水力在Lancashire和Scotland十分丰富，能够运转谷物厂和纺织厂，但它有一个缺点：水的流向是自然决定的，所以水力驱动的工厂不得不位于河岸边，而不管这个位置由于其他原因是否合理。

以上就是托福阅读中长难句的训练分析介绍，希望大家能够学到有效的训练和提升方法，让自己更为轻松地面对长难句得到高分。

解析

修饰一：(although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills) ，从句

中文：虽然水力在Lancashire和Scotland十分丰富，能够运转谷物厂和纺织厂

修饰二：(where nature intended them to) ，从句

中文：水的流向是自然决定的

修饰三：(whether or not the location wasdesirable for other ) ，从句

中文：而不管这个位置由于其他原因是否合理

句子分析（13）

Hormones in the Body

Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the There, it stimulates the release of digestive In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the

Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in ” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen

As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the Such glands include the thyroid and the The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine

Much has been learned about hormones since their Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as Hormonal systems are very Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with

In fact, some hormone therapies are already very A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal

Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the

The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) desire

(B) origin

(C) science

(D) chemical

The word it in the passage refers to

(A) secretin

(B) small intestine

(C) bloodstream

(D) pancreas

The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) remembered

(B) surprised

(C) invented

(D) motivated

To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must

(A) be part of the digestive process

(B) influence the operations of the nervous system

(C) affect processes in a different part of the body

(D) regulate attitudes and behavior

The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to

(A) whether scientists understand their function

(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body

(C) whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process

(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the blood

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]

The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) misunderstood

(B) precise

(C) significant

(D) simple

The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) sudden

(B) small

(C) changing

(D) noticeable

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential

(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the

(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions

(C) When the body is not producing enough hormones, urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological

(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions

The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) decreased

(B) advertised

(C) prescribed

(D) researched

Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?

(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal

(B) Adults with strong digestive systems

(C) Children who are not at risk from the treatment

(D) Children who may remain abnormally small

of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?

These sentences are highlighted in the

(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with

(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle

(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will

(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without

Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the body is a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believingthey aren’t would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2

The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small

Answer Choices

The term hormone is based on a Greek word that means "to excite" or "to set in "Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from

Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and

Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age

Answer Keys

Reading：

B

A

D

C

D

C

B

D

A

D

A

third square

) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….

2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…

3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ….

句子分析（14）

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。

很多人在看到这句话的时候，经常翻译为"沙漠化是源于"或者翻译为"沙漠化导致""很多的土地与很多的人去影响的原因。 "这里面有两个点特别容易犯错误，一是result from是源于的意思，而不是单纯的导致的意思。二是affected在这里其实是后置定语，因此这里的意思是"被影响"，这里很多人又疑惑了，因为我们 以前看到的东西都是，人的因素导致沙漠化啊，怎么又会是被影响呢?这就是你的问题了，你被自己以前获得的信息给影响了，你只要知道文章的作者是这么认为的 就可以了，何必把自己脑中的信息强加在本文作者身上呢?

这句话其实是一个很浅显的例子，举这个例子，其实就是想告诉很多考生很多时候，只是认为自己已经把文章读懂了，但是实际上对于文章的理解上有无 数的错误，这其实就是语言的细节!这些细节点要想解决靠的是什么?靠的是单词的积累，靠的是语法的一步一步的打磨。

新托福阅读中如果你经常有看得懂文章，但不对题的感叹出现，考生们最好还是从自身下手，去检查自己的单词，以及语法，如果觉得不知道从哪里下手，到底该怎么提升，建议你做做老托福的语法，而且要多分析错题;并且多找一些文章多翻译一下，然后按照里面给出的译文去检查一下自己到底哪里理解 错了.

句子分析（15）

推论题(Inference)：文章中有些论点/观点没有明确阐述，但却强烈暗示出来了。例如，文章论述的结果引出了，推论题就可能就造成结果的起因提问。如果文中有比较，推论题就可能问做比较的基础是什么。如果文中有对某一新现象的明确阐述，推论题就可能要求推论旧现象的特征。推论题虽然是传统题型，但难度很大，需要考生花大功夫准备。

例题：Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric The result was a product called Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?

a)They did not smoke when they were

b)They produced a pleasant odor as they

c)They were not available to

d)They contained sulfuric

正确答案是这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。

文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali和sulfuric acid来提炼tallow，提炼后的产品就是stearin，stearin比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usual smoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。

句子分析（16）

许多考生难以理解托福阅读文章，原因有两点：

(一)、没有掌握一些熟词的生僻含义。

(二)、缺乏分析长难句结构的能力。

举例说明：

There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty， dark， disordered rooms a real rarity will be found amongst piles of assorted junk that litter the

该句是由两个that引导的从句，分别充当hope的同位语从句和piles of assorted junk的定语从句。第一个由that引起的同位语从句，是由一段地点状语“in its labyrinth of musty， dark， disordered rooms”来展开全句的，其主句的语态是一个由a real rarity做主语的被动语态。全句可以翻译如下：人们还常常幻想在发霉、阴暗、无序的迷宫般店堂里，从杂乱地堆放在地面上的、各式各样的垃圾中淘到一件稀世珍品。

我们再来看一下这个句子，它是这样写的：

In everyday life， people tend to have a different approach to those (whom) they consider their equals from that which they assume with people (whom) they consider higher or lower than themselves in the social

Though my aunt pursued what was， in those days， an enlightened policy， in that she never allowed her domestic staff to work more than eight hours a day， she was extremely difficult to

托福阅读文章中曾出现过一个典型的长句。其难度更胜GRE：In everyday life， people tend to have a different approach to those they consider their equals from that which they assume with people they consider higher or lower than themselves in the social

句子的主干为people tend to have a different approach from that，其中that为代词，指代approach，此处译为“方式”最为贴切，因此主干的意思很简单：“人们倾向于采用一种方式，与其它方式不同。”

句子开头为Though引起的状语，动词pursue的宾语是一个由what引起的名词性从句，在插入了一个非常书面的in that(意思相当于since)引起的从句之后，终于出现了主句she was extremely difficult to please。这种一步步将句子意思推向高潮的写法就是英文中非常有气势的“圆周句”，直到句子的末尾，作者最终的意思才被揭晓。全句可以这样理解：“(尽管)姑妈对待佣人们的做法在当时那个年代算是开明的，(因为她)从不让佣人们每天干活超过8个小时，但佣人们还是很难让她感到满意。”

代词that后紧跟which引导的从句充当that，即the approach的定语。此外，句中还有两个省略了whom的定语从句，将之补全如下：

全句直译如下：在日常生活中，人们用一种方式对待他们认为与自己社会地位同等的人，而用另一种的方式去对待他们认为比自己社会地位高或低的人。

对于这种长句的准确分析，需要日积月累的语言知识及良好语感，大家在托福阅读备考过程中，千万不能忽视真题演练。

句子分析（17）

离10月考试仅有一个月时间，大多考生都已经进入做题巩固阶段，作为过来人，我深知英语课程考试中的翻译题是一个难点，下面是我做题时的一些方法，这些方法帮我取得了不错的成绩，希望对大家有所启示。

英语（二）考试，包括两道翻译题，汉译英和英译汉。英译汉总共15分，要翻译的是一段话，而不是一句，相对复杂。它考查考生对英语书面材料的理解能力，要求考生对原文理解得既准确又完整，翻译时不能有错漏。

翻译题，考生想根据自己熟悉的几个词靠臆想拼凑意思是得不了分的。那么怎样着手翻译句子呢？我的方法是，先弄清句子的结构，不要拿到题目就从第一个词译起。英语有五个基本句型，它们是构成英语句子的基础，再长再复杂的句子也是由这五个基本句型（或它们的变体）按一定的规则构建而成的。这些基本句型的公式只表示了句子的主要成分，而实际的句子大都还带有一些修饰语，如定语、状语等，可能是单词、短语或句子（如果是句子，又包含新的基本句型）。

对于较长、结构较复杂的.句子，先将其分割成一个个的意群（可以是不定式短语、分词短语、动名词短语、介词短语、形容词短语、名词短语或各种从句等），然后确定意群和意群间的联系，这样句子的意思就可以明白了。

例如2005年10月考卷中英译汉的一句话Indeed， research has shown that people who forgive report more energy， better appetite and better sleep patterns.分析一下，首先research has shown（研究表明），这是一个主谓宾结构，是句子的主句；宾语是由连词that引导的一个宾语从句people who forgive report more energy， better appetite and better sleep patterns. 这个宾语从句的主语是people，谓语是report，宾语是more energy， better appetite and better sleep patterns；who forgive是定语，修饰的是 people ，什么样的人们呢，是怀有宽恕之心的人们。到这里，全句的意思就清楚了，按照汉语的思维来整理，那么全句的意思就是：的确，研究表明，怀有宽恕之心的人们往往体力更充沛、胃口及睡眠更好。其中，英语句子结构中定语放在了people（人们）后边，但译成汉语时定语放在people（人们）前边。多练习这些基本方法，英译汉翻译不难。

北京考试报

句子分析（18）

离10月考试仅有一个月时间，大多考生都已经进入做题巩固阶段，作为过来人，我深知英语课程考试中的翻译题是一个难点，下面是我做题时的一些方法，这些方法帮我取得了不错的成绩，希望对大家有所启示。

英语（二）考试，包括两道翻译题，汉译英和英译汉。英译汉总共15分，要翻译的是一段话，而不是一句，相对复杂。它考查考生对英语书面材料的理解能力，要求考生对原文理解得既准确又完整，翻译时不能有错漏。

翻译题，考生想根据自己熟悉的几个词靠臆想拼凑意思是得不了分的。那么怎样着手翻译句子呢？我的方法是，先弄清句子的结构，不要拿到题目就从第一个词译起。英语有五个基本句型，它们是构成英语句子的基础，再长再复杂的句子也是由这五个基本句型（或它们的变体）按一定的规则构建而成的。这些基本句型的公式只表示了句子的主要成分，而实际的句子大都还带有一些修饰语，如定语、状语等，可能是单词、短语或句子（如果是句子，又包含新的基本句型）。

对于较长、结构较复杂的`句子，先将其分割成一个个的意群（可以是不定式短语、分词短语、动名词短语、介词短语、形容词短语、名词短语或各种从句等），然后确定意群和意群间的联系，这样句子的意思就可以明白了。

例如2005年10月考卷中英译汉的一句话Indeed， research has shown that people who forgive report more energy， better appetite and better sleep patterns.分析一下，首先research has shown（研究表明），这是一个主谓宾结构，是句子的主句；宾语是由连词that引导的一个宾语从句people who forgive report more energy， better appetite and better sleep patterns. 这个宾语从句的主语是people，谓语是report，宾语是more energy， better appetite and better sleep patterns；who forgive是定语，修饰的是 people ，什么样的人们呢，是怀有宽恕之心的人们。到这里，全句的意思就清楚了，按照汉语的思维来整理，那么全句的意思就是：的确，研究表明，怀有宽恕之心的人们往往体力更充沛、胃口及睡眠更好。其中，英语句子结构中定语放在了people（人们）后边，但译成汉语时定语放在people（人们）前边。多练习这些基本方法，英译汉翻译不难。

句子分析（19）

木兰诗分析句子

《木兰诗》是中国古典诗歌中一首脍炙人口的优秀诗篇。它以浓挚的感情和铺叙、对照、渲染的表现手法，集中地描绘了一个平凡的女子──木兰代父从军和她解甲还乡的不平凡的经历。下面小编为大家带来木兰诗分析句子，仅供参考，希望能够帮到大家。

木兰诗分析句子

1.比兴手法

北朝民歌《折杨柳》中有一首，前面六句是“敕敕何力力，女子当窗织。不闻机杼声，唯闻女叹息。问女何所思?问女何所忆?”《木兰诗》开头六句用的就是《折杨柳》这六句。古代民歌往往用同样的起兴、比喻，有的词句相近甚至相同(《诗经》中民歌就不乏其例)，因为口耳相传，词句相同，容易记忆。这不是抄袭，因为题材、内容可以完全不同。《木兰诗》的开头，很可能也是“敕敕何力力”，经后人改为“唧唧复唧唧”的。“敕敕何力力”没有什么具体意义，像“呀呵嗨”“呀唯子哟”一样，是表声的字。

2.“可汗”与“天子”

“可汗”是古代西北民族对君主的称呼，“天子”是封建社会汉族对君主的称呼。可是在这首诗中“可汗”却成了“天子”的同义词，不能再按照《广韵》中所谓“蕃王称”的本义了。这只能看做在《木兰诗》时代汉语里已有了外来语的成分。否则木兰去时是应“可汗”之征，而归来却受“天子”之赏，那不是前后矛盾了吗?

由于木兰诗出自北朝，而木兰是北朝人氏，便可以考证出木兰并非汉人可能性极大，其君主自然也是北朝少数民族割据政权领袖，而南北朝又正是中国历史上的一次民族大融合时期，那么最有可能的一种假设就是：北朝的少数民族政权领袖受汉文化影响也乐于接受“天子”这个称呼。

3.“十二”是虚数

“军书十二卷”“同行十二年”与“壮士十年归”──这三句中的两个“十二”与一个“十”字都是虚数。习惯上这类数字都表示“多”的意思。“同行十二年”与“壮士十年归”两句中的“十二年”与“十年”都是说十多年的意思，如作实数理解，前后便矛盾不可解了。“军书十二卷，卷卷有爷名”旨在强调木兰的父亲这次非出征不可。清人汪中作了一篇《释三九》，提出了三、九等虚数的用法法则，把前人有关数字问题的考证与争论都搞清楚了。

4.东市买骏马，西市买鞍鞯，南市买辔头，北市买长鞭

“东市买骏马”等句中的“东、南、西、北”便都是虚位而非实指。这里只是夸张地来形容木兰出发前做准备的紧迫情况，照实来讲反而不合情理。下文的“开我东阁门，坐我西阁床”的“东”和“西”也是虚位，照实来讲就不通了。这些方位词的连用，很多是为了造成某种气氛，而非实指。这种“虚位”也和上面所谈的“虚数”一样，是古汉语中的一种习惯上的法则。

5.当窗理云鬓，对镜帖花黄

“当窗”和“对镜”是互文。“理云鬓”和“帖花黄”同是当窗对镜来做的。这种用法在古代诗歌中，特别是在古代格律诗中是常见的。如唐王昌龄诗中的“秦时明月汉时关”就是一例。

“帖花黄”是北魏妇女的面饰。有两说：一说“元魏时民间妇女不得施粉黛;自非宫人，皆黄眉黑妆。故《木兰诗》中有‘对镜帖花黄’之句。”(《谷山笔尘》)另一说，将金黄色的纸，剪成星、月、花、鸟等形状，贴在额上。

6.关于此诗的主题思想

1.在封建社会中，妇女是无地位的。木兰是一个“当户织”的劳动妇女，代父从军，“将军百战死，壮士十年归”。男人能做到的，木兰能做到;男人不能做到的，木兰也能做到。木兰这一英雄形象的本身，就是对封建社会中歧视妇女的传统观念的无情嘲弄。

2.在封建社会中，追求功名利禄是占统治地位的传统思想，多少人梦寐以求。而木兰经过十年的紧张战斗之后，凯旋而归，却拒封辞赏，愿意解甲归田，重过劳动人民的耕织生活，这充分反映了劳动人民质朴谦逊的品质。木兰的这一行为本身就是对热衷功名利禄的封建士大夫的有力讽刺。

3.《木兰诗》的主题思想，其实在诗歌里面就已直接点明。便是：妇女并不亚于男子，她们的才能智慧，胆略见识，是决不在男子之下的。这就是这首诗的主题思想。若用一句话来概括则是：赞颂劳动人民出身的妇女英雄。

4.《木兰诗》的主题，不是歌颂尚武精神，而是反映人民对和平生活的向往。不过，《木兰诗》并不像上述北朝民歌那样用愁苦的情调、悲剧的形式来表达，而是别开生面地用女子代父从军的喜剧的形式来表达。当然，故事情节本身使诗在客观上有可能起到歌颂女子英雄精神的作用，但是歌颂英雄这个问题在诗中比之主题所反映的问题毕竟是居于次要的，它只能算是诗所包含的一个思想内容，不能说就是主题。

7.“唧唧复唧唧”究竟是什么声音?

对此历来说法不一。大致有三种：织机声、叹息声、虫鸣声。

① 织机声。如果理解为织机声，将有如下情境。诗歌一开始，就出现不停不息的织机声，人未出场声先闻。然后才交代这是木兰正在对门而织，一个勤劳的姑娘形象跃然纸上。但织着织着，有节奏的织机声听不到了，传来的是一阵阵长吁短叹。这究竟是为什么?木兰啊，木兰，是什么事儿让你如此发愁呢?于是转入后面的情节。这样的理解当然是合情合理的。

② 叹息声。有学者对此做如下解读：“当户而织，说明木兰是一个劳动女性，而不是侯门小姐。本应该听到她的织布的声音，但听到的却是‘唧唧复唧唧’的叹息声。一个‘唧唧’就已经说明是在叹息了，又重之以‘复唧唧’，作者还觉得意犹未足，最后又‘惟闻女叹息’，作者这样反复强调，是要告诉我们木兰的忧思之深，木兰是停机长叹，而不是边织边叹。作者没有写木兰的愁容，也没有写木兰停机长叹的举动，作者只是绘声，通过接连不断的声声叹息，刻画出一个充满忧愁苦闷的木兰女的形象。”

③ 虫鸣声。如果将“唧唧”理解为虫声，在我们眼前就会出现这样一幅画面——夜深人静，四下阒无人声，只有虫儿在夜幕中“唧唧”鸣唱。接着再写木兰姑娘正对门坐在织机旁织布，可是她为什么手握织机不织布，却坐在那儿长吁短叹呢?四野的虫声与木兰的叹息声交相应和，渲染出一个女孩儿将要做出一个重大决定之前的心境和气氛。总之，诗无达诂，合乎情理合乎文意即可。

8.“问女何所思，问女何所忆”的问话人是谁?

一说是父母在问，认为只是父亲在问或只是母亲在问的，也属此说。的确，父母如果听到女儿的叹息，一定会发出这样关切的询问。一说是叙事人在问，因为《木兰诗》是口头集体创作的民歌，而民歌是可以配乐歌唱的，歌唱者能以叙事人的身份进行拟问。这两种说法其实并不矛盾。在民间讲唱文学中，演唱者往往有叙事人和故事人物的双重身份，叙事人的语言与故事人物的语言有时是相融合一的。因此，这首诗中的.“问女何所思，问女何所忆”，以及“女亦无所思……从此替爷征”可视为父母与女儿的问答，也可视为叙事人的拟问拟答。此外，这首诗中常以第一人称来叙事，既可以看做木兰的自述，也可以看做叙事人的转述。[10]

9.“雄兔脚扑朔”等四句该如何理解?

第一，应该先明确这是一个生动的比喻。

第二，应该进一步思考作者为什么要用这样一个比喻句结束全诗。首先，这个比喻十分形象地解释了“伙伴”们的惊讶，同时也是对读者必然产生的疑问做出一个合情合理的解答。再次，用雄兔雌兔来比喻人之男女，恰是民歌语言运用的特点。这一机巧的比喻，使全诗为之增色，锦上添花。

此外，这四句诗被认为是吟唱者即叙事人对木兰的赞词，这种说法与将其视为木兰对“火伴”的回答的看法并不矛盾。

10.如何理解《木兰诗》中的繁简处理?

必须明确以下三点：《木兰诗》中何处繁，何处简?这样的繁简处理产生了什么样的效果?作者为什么要进行这样的处理?

① 繁笔的运用：木兰当户织时的心事重重，木兰准备行装时的活动，木兰奔赴战场时的心态，木兰回家后家人的欢乐，木兰重着“女儿装”时的欣喜等内容，都写得不厌其繁，细致入微。

例如，木兰采买鞍马一事，就通过东西南北的排比铺写，渲染了战前准备的紧张和忙碌，读者似乎可以看到木兰的奔波和繁忙，也可以想见一身戎装的木兰是何等的英姿飒爽!

又如，写木兰奔赴战场时反复提及“不闻爷娘唤女声”，其实正是木兰此时心态的真实写照：当夕阳西下，暮色沉沉时，木兰独自露宿在黄河之畔时，耳听黄河流水哗哗作响，心中却时时回响着父母的声声呼唤，渐行渐远，父母呼唤女儿的声音早已听不见了，但这声音却时时回荡在女儿的耳畔心头!征程漫漫，何时能再听到那温暖女儿内心的爷娘亲切的呼唤呢?

再如，末段写木兰将回家乡时爷娘姐弟等人的不同行动，通过同样的句调作三次反复重叠，生动表现了亲人们十年离别后终于得到团聚时的喜悦心情和欢乐气氛。

而对木兰重入闺房，再着“女儿妆”的一段描写，更是淋漓尽致地渲染了木兰的热爱生活、美丽可爱的女儿情态。

② 简笔的运用。至于简笔，主要是对战斗过程的描写力求其简，十年生活，只用了几句话就交代完了。

为什么要如此安排呢?作者不惜笔墨描绘的往往都是他所要着力突出的。这首诗所要突出的正是对木兰的孝敬父母、勇于担当重任的性格的颂扬，所以，对残酷的战争，一笔带过，而对能够反映美好心灵的内容则不惜笔墨。另外，这种繁简安排似乎还隐含了作者对美好生活的向往祝福，对战争的冷淡和远离。

一个女孩儿在战场上拼杀了十年之久，立下了赫赫战功——“策勋十二转，赏赐百千强”，其勇武强悍可知。但是作者和广大读者喜爱的并不是一个没有女性特点的女超人，人们向来不稀罕赳赳武夫式的“顾大嫂”之流，中国也不乏娇滴滴莺声燕语般的“崔莺莺”这样标准的美人，但既有女儿的娇美又有男子的刚健的女性，在中国文学史上，却只有木兰这独特的一个!这样的繁简安排就起到了突出人物特征、表现作者倾向的作用。