雅思模拟题（1）

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2

An examination of the functioning of the senses in cetaceans, the group of mammals comprising whales, dolphins and porpoises

鲸鱼的感官

鲸目动物(包括鲸、海豚、鼠海豚等晡乳动物)的感官功能测试。

Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in For example, it appears from their brain structure thattoothed species are unable to Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, theneural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or

对我们人类以及其他的陆地哺乳动物来说，有些感官是与生俱来的，然而对于鲸鱼来讲，这些功能要么已经衰退或彻底消失，要么就无法在水中正常发挥作用。比如说从齿鲸的大脑结构来看，它们是嗅不到气味的;而须鲸虽然有与嗅觉相关的脑部结构，可是我们却无法判断这些结构是否起作用。据推测，由于鲸鱼的气孔进化并最终移到了头部的正中，所以掌管嗅觉的神经纤维几乎全部不见了。同样，尽管有些鲸鱼也有味蕾，但这些味觉器官要么已经退化，要么就根本没有发育。

The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetaceanindividuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captiveanimals often object strongly to being touched

有人认为鲸鱼的触觉也不发达，不过这个观点很可能是错误的。训练人工饲养海豚和小鲸鱼的人常常会评论他们的小动物对于触碰和抚摩的敏感度。而无论是人工饲养还是放养，几乎所有种类的鲸鱼个体之间都会进行频繁的接触，特别是在成年鲸鱼和幼鲸之间或同一亚群的成员之间。这种接触有助于维护同一种群内部的秩序，而且对大多数鲸鱼而言，抚摸和触碰也是求偶仪式的一部分。气孔周围的部分尤其敏感，一旦被触碰，人工饲养的鲸鱼就会有激烈的反应。

The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision inbaleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic

不同种类的鲸鱼，视觉发达程度也各不相同。通过研究一只被人工饲养了一年的小灰鲸，以及通过对阿根廷和夏威夷沿海所放养的露脊鲸和座头鲸的研究及拍摄，人们发现在封闭水域中的须鲸显然可以利用视觉来追踪水下的物体，而且它们无论在水中或空气中视力都相当好。但是眼睛的位置如此严重地限制了须鲸的视野，以致于它们可能不具备立体视觉。

On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and By compare-son, thebottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the

从另一方面来看，大多数海豚和江豚眼睛的位置表明它们是拥有向前及向下的立体视觉的。淡水海豚经常侧游，或是在吃东西的时候肚皮朝上游泳，这就表明眼睛的位置使它们拥有向前及向上的立体视觉。相反的是，宽吻海豚在水中视力就很敏锐，而从它观察及追踪空中飞鱼的方式来看，它在水天交界面的视力也相当好。尽管之前的实验证据表明，海豚在露天环境中可能是睁眼瞎，然而，它们能够从水中跃起很髙，并且能够准确地吃到训练员手中的小鱼，这就有趣地证明了上述观点是错误的。

Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of

当然，这些变异可以通过这些品种所生长的环境来解释。比如说，对于宽广清澈水域中的鲸鱼来说，视觉显然就有用的多;而对于那些住在混浊的河流或水淹的平原上的品种来说，视力显然就没什么大用。比如，南美洲亚马逊河中的江豚以及中国的白鳍啄视力都相当有限，而印度河中的江豚根本看不见东西，它们的眼睛已经退化成了两条窄缝，除了感知一下方向和光的强度几乎没什么作用。

Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echo-location_ Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback Toothedspecies in general employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds, than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid

尽管鲸鱼们的味觉和嗅觉严重衰退，在水中的视觉又不那么确定，然而这些缺陷完全可以被它们那高度发迖的听觉系统所弥补。尽管鲸鱼们音域不同，但是大多数鲸鱼都很会“唱歌”，而且还能用回声定位法来觅食。大个子须鲸只能用低频发声，除此之外就黔“鲸”计穷了。当然也有些著名的例外：比如夏天里北极露脊鲸歌曲般的合唱，还有座头鲸那复杂的、令人难以忘怀的低语。与须鲸相比，齿鲸们可以更多地利用频谱，发出多种声音，当然，抹香鲸只会发出一系列单调激烈的喀哒声。有些复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，然而想要搞清楚它们在鲸鱼的社会生活及文化中到底起何作用，与其说是严谨科学研究的对象，不如说是丰富想像力的结果。

雅思模拟题（2）

通过词的前后缀 (前缀表意，后缀表词性)

：Internet—net是“网”，inter-是有互通，互联的意思，所以Internet是“互联网”;

那么national“国家的”变成international就是“国际的”;

City“城市”变成“inter-city”就是“城际的”。

通过符号来看意思--冒号，括号和破折号表解释说明

：Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and …(C4T3P3)

这句话中学生若不明白limitation的含义，完全可以通过括号里面的意思猜到limitation是贬义词，就是不好的，对于理解不理解的到是“限制”的意思对做题没有影响，题目照样能做对。

Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and (C4T3P1)

冒号后面即为解释说明什么是a combination of factors，或者简单来说就是有哪些factors，因题目问的是孩子们为什么会沦落街头，那在冒号后面就是作为答题的重要依据了。

Chimpanzees have a “play-face”—a gaping expression accompanied by a panting “ah,ah” (C5T2P2)

破折号在这里解释说明了什么是play-face，简单解释也就是一种expression，那么如果学生能够定位准确，不能理解什么是play-face，对答案的判断也没有任何影响。

特别注意：很多学生分不清连词符和破折号。连词符是短的，并且和单词之间没有空格;儿破折号是长的，且和前后单词有空格。

其实符号在雅思阅读中用来表解释说明的现象非常普遍，只是很多学生在做题的时候并没有意识到出题人的这个考察点，因为非常的细微，一般语法能力还不错的学生其实在不经意间已经用了上述猜单词方法，只是自己没有意识到而已。所以对于基础薄弱的学生，要重点提出，加以总结，让其能够在阅读中应用。

同位语、插入语表解释说明

：Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes in order to understand not only humor but language understanding and reasoning in (C5T2P2)

本句提到Graeme Ritchie这个人，这个人是谁呢，后面解释说他是a computational linguist in Edinburgh，结合我们所说第一点，不认识computational，但computer应该知道，-al结尾形容词，linguist以-ist结尾，表“人/家”，后面一个in+大写，猜也知道是地名，所以大概能猜到这个人是电脑方面的一个什么专家。如果能判断到这一点，对后面的判断18题会很有帮助。

特别注意：同位语注意是位置的“位”，也就是说和被解释词在句中的位置是相同的，这类用法多见于解释专有名词(比如人名，地名)，这对于做配对题和一些细节判断题很有帮助;其次要注意的是有时候插入语两边的逗号也会变成两个破折号，其用意相同，完全可以当做两个逗号看待。

表“包含、包括、举例”的

：World science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French…(C5T2P3)

这个例子比较简单，但是如果真的不认识languages，完全可以通过Japanese, German and French来猜测其意思，一定是上一级词汇，所以意思是“语言”。也就是说看到include，involve，contain，for example，for instance，such as等表“包含、例如”的词时候，若能认识这些词后面一到两个词的意思，会帮助猜测这些词之前的单词意思，一定是这一到两个词的上义词。

定语从句

：And they are known to have used wooded pulleys, which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of (C7T4P1)

His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal (C9T1P1)

定语从句本身是修饰作用，但这种句子的修饰其实是在帮助我们理解一个复杂词汇，把不懂得具象化。比如第一句的wooden pulleys不知道，后面大致能明白说是它可以承受巨大重量，那只要理解这个wooden pulleys是个可以承重的东西即可;同理，第二个句子不仅有定语从句，还用到了方法3，Thomas Hall是谁，是his teacher，他怎么了，他鼓励他学生去参加Michael Faraday的课，进一步解释说明了Thomas Hall的身份。

知道一些单词的熟词僻义--通过语境判断意思

这个方法是给英语词汇还不错的学生的，很多学生会有一个困扰是虽然背了很多单词，但好像还是不能看懂文章，这里并不是本文讲解重点，所以不在此赘述，但是其中一个原因就是本来认识的单词却换了意思。

比如在实验类文章中，study不是“学习”的意思，而是“研究”的意思;subject不是“课程、科目”，而是“实验对象”;solution不是“解决办法”，而是“溶液”，比如在C9T1P1中提到purple solution，不可能是“紫色解决办法”吧，所以这里应该明白其有另一个意思。

再比如在天文类文章中orbit是轨迹，但是其还有一个意思是“眼眶”(曾在C5T2P2考过);

还有，pupil是“学生”，但还有一个意思是“瞳孔”。

所以这也是平时在做题中需要总结归纳的要点，要引起重视。

雅思模拟题（3）

Academic Reading

Wind Power in the US

Prompted by the oil crises of the 1970s, a wind-power industry flourished briefly in the United States. But then world oil prices dropped, and funding for research into renewable energy was cut. By the mid 1980s US interest in wind energy as a large-scale source of energy had almost disappeared. The development of wind power at this time suffered not only from badly designed equipment, but also from poor long-term planning, economic projections that were too optimistic and the difficulty of finding suitable locations for the wind turbines.

Only now are technological advances beginning to offer hope that wind power will come to be accepted as a reliable and important source of electricity. There have been significant successes in California, in particular, where wind farms now have a capacity of 1500 megawatts, comparable to a large nuclear or fossil-fuelled power station, and produce 1.5 per cent of the state’s electricity.

Nevertheless, in the US, the image of wind power is still distorted by early failures. One of the most persistent criticisms is that wind power is not a significant energy resource. Researchers at the Battelle Northwest Laboratory, however, estimate that today wind turbine technology could supply 20 per cent of the electrical power the country needs. As a local resource, wind power has even greater potential. Minnesota’s energy commission calculates that a wind farm on one of the state’s south western ridges could supply almost all that state’s electricity. North Dakota alone has enough sites suitable for wind farms to supply more than a third of all electricity consumed in the continental US.

The prevailing notion that wind power is too costly results largely from early research which focused on turbines with huge blades that stood hundreds of metres tall. These machines were not designed for ease of production or maintenance, and they were enormously expensive. Because the major factors influencing the overall cost of wind power are the cost of the turbine and its supporting systems, including land, as well as operating and maintenance costs, it is hardly surprising that it was thought at the time that wind energy could not be supplied at a commercially competitive price.

More recent developments such as those seen on California wind farms have dramatically changed the economic picture for wind energy. These systems, like installations in Hawaii and several European countries, have benefited from the economies of scale that come through standardised manufacturing and purchasing. The result has been a dramatic drop in capital costs: the installed cost of new wind turbines stood at $1000 per kilowatt in 1993, down from about $4000 per kilowatt in 1980, and continues to fall.

Design improvements and more efficient maintenance programs for large numbers of turbines have reduced operating costs as well. The cost of electricity delivered by wind farm turbines has decreased from about 30 cents per kilowatt-hour to between 7 and 9 cents, which is generally less than the cost of electricity from conventional power stations. Reliability has also improved dramatically. The latest turbines run more than 95 per cent of the time, compared with around 60 per cent in the early 1980s.

Another misconception is that improved designs are needed to make wind power feasible. Out of the numerous wind turbine designs proposed or built by inventors or developers, the propeller-blade type, which is based on detailed analytical models as well as extensive experimental data, has emerged as predominant among the more than 20,000 machines now in commercial operation world-wide. Like the gas-driven turbines that power jet aircraft, these are sophisticated pieces of rotating machinery. They are already highly efficient, and there is no reason to believe that other configurations will produce major benefits.

Like other ways of generating electricity, wind power does not leave the environment entirely unharmed. There are many potential problems, ranging from interference with telecommunications to impact on wildlife and natural habitats. But these effects must be balanced against those associated with other forms of electricity generation. Conventional power stations impose hidden costs on society, such as the control of air pollution, the management of nuclear waste and global warming.

As wind power has been ignored in the US over the past few years, expertise and commercial exploitation in the field have shifted to Europe. The European Union spends 10 times as much as the US government on research and development of wind energy. It estimates that at least 10 per cent of Europe’s electrical power could be supplied by land-based wind-turbines using current technology. Indeed, according to the American Wind Energy Association, an independent organisation based in Washington, Denmark, Brit

雅思模拟题（4）

Speaking - Section 3 [There are five sections]

Language Classes

Imagine you are a student at a college. You have been told to take at least 3 hours of English classes at a language centre each week. Ask the interviewer questions to find out about language classes in the language centre and decide which classes will fit in with your college timetable.

(The interviewer has the language centre timetable)

Ask the examiner about:

kinds of classes available

lengths of courses

exams/certificates

place of classes

times of classes

雅思模拟题（5）

雅思阅读题型之list of heading

⑴根据topic sentence解题是比较重要的方法之一。因而要注意阅读每一段落的topic (句首、句中或句尾。一般在句首的可能性较大，因而对每一段的句首句要重点阅读。它不仅会给出整个段落的大意，还会解释本段落与上一段落之间的逻辑联系)。

⑵与summary题一样，雅思阅读list of heading中的备选项一般多于答案的数量，这就意味着一个段落可以有几个符合的备选项，同样先把符合这个段落的备选项挑出来，缩小选择的范围，再从中选择会容易一些。

⑶与雅思阅读multiple choice 题一样，雅思阅读list of heading题的正确答案一定包含文章的要点(关键词、中心词)，因为题目考查的就是段落的大意。所以，虽然有些备选项的内容是正确的，在文章中也有提及，但却是文章中的细节，而不是大意，就应舍去。

⑷文章段落中所给的example绝对不会是雅思阅读题型之list of heading题的答案，因为它们只是对段落中主要观点的解释说明，并不全面系统，是片面的。

雅思阅读题型之matching

⑴ 在雅思阅读matching题中并不是所有的备选项都适合每一个题目，换言之，备选项中只有特定的一部分选项是符合特定的题目的。所以在做题的时候可以先把符合该题干的备选项挑出来，缩小选择的范围，再去解题。解题的时候最好选用的方法是排除法。(如剑3的第二篇阅读)

⑵在雅思阅读matching题中一定要注意问的问题是涉及主观方面的还是客观方面的。所谓主观方面是指别人的观点、建议、设想等;而所谓客观方面是指事实、介绍、指导等。

⑶看清题序，对号入座。雅思matching题，尤其是图片matching题，一定要注意，所给图示的顺序标号不一定与原文中的叙述顺序相一致。做题时要以题目的顺序为标准，不要只是根据原文顺序依次选择。否则就算直到正确的搭配项也会因为答案填写顺序的失误而丢分!如：剑三第二套阅读第一篇。

⑷有些雅思阅读matching题要求找出所列的内容在文中的哪一个段落.其实这一类题与雅思阅读list of heading题有点相似。在做的时候最好能像做雅思阅读list of heading题一样先把文章段落之间的关系搞清楚,划分好文章的层次.虽然这样做会耗费一定的时间,但是比起盲目地满篇找答案还是方便快捷得多得.而且准确性也会有保证.这类题也可以参考short answer 题的做法，试着回答题干的问题，看在哪一段能找到答案。

另外，也要注意分析这类题的题干信息，如题目中出现了an overview of… 就要注意观察文章的开头和结尾部分，因为这两个部分尤其会出现overview的观点。出现in the future就要多注意文章的结尾部分，因为该部分最容易提出对未来的展望。

雅思阅读matching题是很多雅思考生的弱项。首先，这类题肯定不会遵循顺序的原则，所以做题的时候就会出现定位困难的现象。第二，这类题的选项本身会比较长，可能包含的是段落的大意，也有可能是段落中的细节，比较难以理解。往往回原文中定位的时候已经忘了题目，这个时候，一个小tip就是用中文把选项的意思简略地概括下，我们对中文的记忆是比英文强的。

⑸有些雅思matching题是考察文中出现得人物的观点或贡献、发现之类的,要求将每个人物与他们各自的观点搭配.做这一类题时,最好边读文章边把所有的人名框起来,这样回原文中定位的时候就会比较简单了。

雅思阅读题型之multiple choice

⑴正确答案中一定包含文章的要点。(因为题目所考查的一定是文章的要点)。

⑵注意题目选项与原文的差别，有些看似相近的句子，其实包含了完全不同的意思。(如剑3第二篇中，原文为activate platelet, 而题目选项中是increase the number of platelet),所以一定要回到原文中去定位!!确保无误后再选!!

⑶在雅思阅读multiple choice题中一定要注意问的问题是涉及主观方面的还是客观方面的。所谓主观方面是指别人的观点、建议、设想等;而所谓客观方面是指事实、介绍、指导等。

⑷在雅思阅读multiple choice题中要审清题意，搞清楚题目到底要我们选择几个答案。不要漏选，也不要多选。

⑸雅思阅读multiple choice中的一个重要解题技巧就是“排除法”，而使用排除法时可以参考T/F/NG题的做法，因为要排除掉的就是F和NG的内容。如果实在找不出答案，就把答案从可靠到不可靠的顺序排下来，选最有可能的那一个。

⑹有的雅思阅读multiple choice题是要求选出适合的title，这个时候一定要注意Title必然包含文章的主要信息，而且一定要全面。有些选项虽然是正确的，但是只包含了文章主要内容的一部分，所以不能选。

雅思阅读题型之Y/N/NG 和T/F/NG

⑴ 首先应该确认到底是Y/N/NG还是T/F/NG!非常重要。

⑵要注意Y/N/NG与T/F/NG的区别。前者是对观念的判断，考察的是题干与作者观点之间的一致性，故一般用于议论文;后者是对事实的判断，考察的是题干与文章中所给事实的一致性，因而多用于说明文。如：Cambridge3 Test2 passage3中的第32题。题干中说的是作者的观点，而原文中说的是decline in marriage ritual这一现象说明了它no need的这一事实，并不是作者的观点，所以依然是选’No’

⑶第一感觉拿不准的题目，一般情况下都是NG。

⑷在阅读中一定要注意哪些是事实(fact),哪些是观点(Opinion)，不要搞混。同时也要注意什么是正确的观点，什么是错误的观点。有时候上一段讲大多数人的观点，到下一段就提出这种观点其实是错误的。所以不要断章取义!!同时也要注意转折词的使用!But, However, Although, Though等!

雅思阅读题型之Table

大多考察某一事物的相同点或不同点，在原文中出现的位置相对集中，同时相当一部table题会涉及数字，因此回原文中定位比较容易。但做这种题目一定要细心，如果过于急躁，那很明显的答案也会找不出来的。典型的例子是剑四Test1的Passage2(关于鲸鱼的)，其后的题目基本上都是定位题。

雅思模拟题（6）

通过词的前后缀 (前缀表意，后缀表词性)

：Internet—net是“网”，inter-是有互通，互联的意思，所以Internet是“互联网”;

那么national“国家的”变成international就是“国际的”;

City“城市”变成“inter-city”就是“城际的”。

通过符号来看意思--冒号，括号和破折号表解释说明

：Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and …(C4T3P3)

这句话中学生若不明白limitation的含义，完全可以通过括号里面的意思猜到limitation是贬义词，就是不好的，对于理解不理解的到是“限制”的意思对做题没有影响，题目照样能做对。

Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and (C4T3P1)

冒号后面即为解释说明什么是a combination of factors，或者简单来说就是有哪些factors，因题目问的是孩子们为什么会沦落街头，那在冒号后面就是作为答题的重要依据了。

Chimpanzees have a “play-face”—a gaping expression accompanied by a panting “ah,ah” (C5T2P2)

破折号在这里解释说明了什么是play-face，简单解释也就是一种expression，那么如果学生能够定位准确，不能理解什么是play-face，对答案的判断也没有任何影响。

特别注意：很多学生分不清连词符和破折号。连词符是短的，并且和单词之间没有空格;儿破折号是长的，且和前后单词有空格。

其实符号在雅思阅读中用来表解释说明的现象非常普遍，只是很多学生在做题的时候并没有意识到出题人的这个考察点，因为非常的细微，一般语法能力还不错的学生其实在不经意间已经用了上述猜单词方法，只是自己没有意识到而已。所以对于基础薄弱的学生，要重点提出，加以总结，让其能够在阅读中应用。

同位语、插入语表解释说明

：Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes in order to understand not only humor but language understanding and reasoning in (C5T2P2)

本句提到Graeme Ritchie这个人，这个人是谁呢，后面解释说他是a computational linguist in Edinburgh，结合我们所说第一点，不认识computational，但computer应该知道，-al结尾形容词，linguist以-ist结尾，表“人/家”，后面一个in+大写，猜也知道是地名，所以大概能猜到这个人是电脑方面的一个什么专家。如果能判断到这一点，对后面的判断18题会很有帮助。

特别注意：同位语注意是位置的“位”，也就是说和被解释词在句中的位置是相同的，这类用法多见于解释专有名词(比如人名，地名)，这对于做配对题和一些细节判断题很有帮助;其次要注意的是有时候插入语两边的逗号也会变成两个破折号，其用意相同，完全可以当做两个逗号看待。

表“包含、包括、举例”的

：World science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French…(C5T2P3)

这个例子比较简单，但是如果真的不认识languages，完全可以通过Japanese, German and French来猜测其意思，一定是上一级词汇，所以意思是“语言”。也就是说看到include，involve，contain，for example，for instance，such as等表“包含、例如”的词时候，若能认识这些词后面一到两个词的意思，会帮助猜测这些词之前的单词意思，一定是这一到两个词的上义词。

定语从句

：And they are known to have used wooded pulleys, which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of (C7T4P1)

His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal (C9T1P1)

定语从句本身是修饰作用，但这种句子的修饰其实是在帮助我们理解一个复杂词汇，把不懂得具象化。比如第一句的wooden pulleys不知道，后面大致能明白说是它可以承受巨大重量，那只要理解这个wooden pulleys是个可以承重的东西即可;同理，第二个句子不仅有定语从句，还用到了方法3，Thomas Hall是谁，是his teacher，他怎么了，他鼓励他学生去参加Michael Faraday的课，进一步解释说明了Thomas Hall的身份。

知道一些单词的熟词僻义--通过语境判断意思

这个方法是给英语词汇还不错的学生的，很多学生会有一个困扰是虽然背了很多单词，但好像还是不能看懂文章，这里并不是本文讲解重点，所以不在此赘述，但是其中一个原因就是本来认识的单词却换了意思。

比如在实验类文章中，study不是“学习”的意思，而是“研究”的意思;subject不是“课程、科目”，而是“实验对象”;solution不是“解决办法”，而是“溶液”，比如在C9T1P1中提到purple solution，不可能是“紫色解决办法”吧，所以这里应该明白其有另一个意思。

再比如在天文类文章中orbit是轨迹，但是其还有一个意思是“眼眶”(曾在C5T2P2考过);

还有，pupil是“学生”，但还有一个意思是“瞳孔”。

所以这也是平时在做题中需要总结归纳的要点，要引起重视。

雅思模拟题（7）

Economic Evolution

A Living along the Orinoco River that borders Brazil and Venezuela are the Yanomam people, hunter-gatherers whose average annual income has been estimated at the equivalent of $90 per person per Living along the Hudson River that borders New York State and New Jersey are the Manhattan people, consumer traders whose average annual income has been estimated at $36,000 per person per That dramatic difference of 400 times, however, pales in comparison to the differences in Stock Keeping Units (SKUs, a measure of the number of types of retail products available), which has been estimated at 300 for the Yanomam and 10 billion for the Manhattans, a difference of 33 million

B How did this happen? According to economist Eric Beinhocker, who published these calculations in his revelatory work The Origin of Wealth (Harvard Business School Press, 20XX), the explanation is to be found in complexity Evolution and economics are not just analogous to each other, but they are actually two forms of a larger phenomenon called complex adaptive systems, in which individual elements, parts or agents interact, then process information and adapt their behavior to changing Immune systems, ecosystems, language, the law and the Internet are all examples of complex adaptive

C In biological evolution, nature selects from the variation produced by random genetic mutations and the mixing of parental Out of that process of cumulative selection emerges complexity and In economic evolution, our material economy proceeds through the production and selection of numerous permutations of countless Those 10 billion products in the Manhattan village represent only those variations that made it to market, after which there is a cumulative selection by consumers in the marketplace for those deemed most useful:VHS over Betamax, DVDs over VHS, CDs over vinyl records, flip phones over brick phones, computers over typewriters, Google over Altavista, SUVs over station wagons, paper books over e-books (still), and Internet news over network news (soon).Those that are purchased “survive” and "reproduce" into the future through repetitive use and

D As with living organisms and ecosystems, the economy looks designed—so just as humans naturally deduce the existence of a top-down intelligent designer, humans also (understandably) infer that a top-down government designer is needed in nearly every aspect of the But just as living organisms are shaped from the bottom up by natural selection, the economy is molded from the bottom up by the invisible The correspondence between evolution and economics is not perfect, because some top-down institutional rules and laws are needed to provide a structure within which free and fair trade can But too much top-down interference into the marketplace makes trade neither free nor When such attempts have been made in the past they have failed—because markets are far too complex, interactive and autocatalytic to be designed from the top In his 1922 book, Socialism, Ludwig Von Mises spelled out the reasons why, most notably the problem of “economic calculation” in a planned socialist In capitalism, prices are in constant and rapid flux and are determined from below by individuals freely exchanging in the Money is a means of exchange, and prices are the information people use to guide their Von Mises demonstrated that socialist economies depend on capitalist economies to determine what prices should be assigned to goods and And they do so cumbersomely and Relatively free markets are, ultimately, the only way to find out what buyers are willing to pay and what sellers are willing to

E Economics helps to explain how Yanomam-like hunter-gatherers evolved into Manhattan-like In the Nineteenth century French economist Frederic Bastiat well captured the principle: “Where goods do not cross frontiers, armies " In addition to being fierce warriors, the Yanomam are also sophisticated traders, and the more they trade the less they The reason is that trade is a powerful social adhesive that creates political One village cannot go to another village and announce that they are worried about being conquered by a third, more powerful village—that would reveal Instead they mask the real motives for alliance through trade and reciprocal And, as a result, not only gain military protection but also initiate a system of trade that—in the long run—leads to an increase in both wealth and

F Free and fair trade occurs in societies where most individuals interact in ways that provide mutual The necessary rules weren't generated by wise men in a sacred temple, or lawmakers in congress, but rather evolved over generations and were widely accepted and practiced before the law was ever Laws that fail this test are If enforcement becomes too onerous, there is Yet the concept that human interaction must, and can be controlled by a higher force is Interestingly, there is no widespread agreement on who the "higher force" Religious people ascribe good behavior to god's They cannot conceive of an orderly society of Secular people credit the They consider anarchy to be synonymous with Everyone seems to agree on the concept that orderly society requires an omnipotent Yet, everywhere there is evidence that this is not An important distinction between spontaneous social order and social anarchy is that the former is developed by work and investment, under the rule of law and with a set of evolved morals while the latter is The classical liberal tradition of von Mises and Hayek never makes the claim that the complete absence of top-down rules leads to the optimal social It simply says we should be skeptical about our ability to manage them in the name of social justice, equality, or

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement if false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

SKUs is a more precise measurement to demonstrate the economic level of a

No concrete examples are presented when the author makes the statement concerning economic

Evolution and economics show a defective

Martial actions might be taken to cross the borders if trades do not

Profit is the invisible hand to guide the

Questions 6-8

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or

Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer

6 What ought to play a vital role in each field the economy?

A a strict rule

B a smart strategy

C a tightly managed authority

D a powerful legislation

7-8 Which two of the following tools are used to pretend to ask for union according to one explanation from the perspective of economics

A an official announcement

B a diplomatic event

C the exchange of goods

D certain written correspondence

E some enjoyable treatment in a win-win situation

Questions 9-13

Summary

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer

In response to the search of reasons for the phenomenon shown by the huge difference in the income between two groups of people both dwelling near the rivers, several researchers made their effort and gave certain One attributes 9 to the interesting change claiming that it is not as simple as it seems to be in appearance that the relationship between 10 which is a good example of 11 , which involve in the interaction of separate factors for the processing of information as well as the behavioral adaptation to unstable As far as the biological transformation is concerned, both 12 and the blend of genes from the last generation bring about the The economic counterpart shows how generating and choosing the 13 of innumerable goods moves forward the material-oriented

雅思模拟题（8）

Part Ⅲ Reading Tasks

True／False／Not Given Exercises

Unit2

When was the last time you saw a frog? Chances are, if you live in a city, you have not seen one for some time. Even in wet areas once teeming with frogs and toads, it is becoming less and less easy to find those slimy, hopping and sometimes poisonous members of the animal kingdom. All over the world, and even in remote parts of Australia, frogs are losing the ecological battle for survival, and biologists are at a loss to explain their demise. Are amphibians simply oversensitive to changes in the ecosystem? Could it be that their rapid decline in numbers is signaling some coming environmental disaster for us all? This frightening scenario is in part the consequence of a dramatic increase over the last quarter century in the development of once natural areas of wet marshland; home not only to frogs but to all manner of wildlife. However, as yet, there are no obvious reasons why certain frog species are disappearing from rainforests in Australia that have barely　been touched by human hand. The mystery is unsettling to say the least, for it is known that amphibian species are extremely sensitive to environmental variations in temperature and moisture levels. The danger is that planet Earth might not only lose a vital link in the ecological food chain (frogs keep populations of otherwise pestilent insects at manageable levels), but we might be increasing our output of air pollutants to levels that may have already become irreversible. Frogs could be inadvertently warning us of a catastrophe.??

An example of a species of frog that, at far as is known, has become extinct, is the platypus frog. Like the well-known Australian mammal it was named after, it exhibited some very strange behaviour; instead of giving birth to tadpoles in the wate

>>

雅思模拟题（9）

Practice 4?

Para 1.?The need for a satisfactory education is more important than ever before. Nowadays, without a qualification from a reputable school or university, the odds of landing that plum job advertised in the paper are considerably shortened. Moreover, one's present level of education could fall well short of future career requirements.??

para 2.?It is no secret that competition is the driving force behind the need to obtain increasingly higher qualifications. In the majority of cases, the urge to upgrade is no longer the result of an insatiable thirst for knowledge. The pressure is coming from within the workplace to compete with ever more qualified job applicants, and in many occupations one must now battle with colleagues in the reshuffle for the position one already holds.??

para 3.?Striving to become better educated is hardly a new concept. Wealthy parents have always been willing to spend the vast amounts of extra money necessary to send their children to schools with a perceived educational edge. Working adults have long attended night schools and refresher courses. Competition for employment has been around since the curse of working for a living began. Is the present situation so very different to that of the past?

para 4. ?The difference now is that the push is universal and from without as well as within. A student at secondary school receiving low grades is no longer as easily accepted by his or her peers as was once the case. Similarly, in the workplace, unless employees are engaged in part-time study, they may be frowned upon by their employers and peers and have difficulty even standing still. In fact, in these cases, the expectation is for careers to go backwards and earning capacity to take an appreciable nosedive.??

para 5.?At first glance, the situation would seem

雅思模拟题（10）

Practice 3

The Australian political scene is dominated by two major parties that have quite different political agendas. However, the policies of the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party have become much more difficult to tell apart in recent years. In fact, it would be true to say that both parties consist of conservative, moderate and radical elements, and therefore the general public is often perplexed about which party to vote for. Nonetheless, it is usual to find that an Australian will lean towards supporting one of these two parties and remain faithful to that party for life.

The Labor Party was formed early in the twentieth century to safeguard the interests of the common working man and to give the trade unions political representation in Parliament. The Party has always had strong connections with the unions, and supports the concept of a welfare society in which people who are less fortunate than others are financially, and otherwise, assisted in their quest for a more equitable slice of the economic pie. The problem is that such socialist political agendas are extremely expensive to implement and maintain, especially in a country that, although comparatively wealthy, is vast and with a small working and hence taxpaying population base. Welfare societies tend towards bankruptcy unless government spending is kept in check. The Liberal Party, on the other hand, argues that the best way to ensure afair division of wealth in the country is to allow more freedom to create it.This, in turn, means more opportunities, jobs created etc., and therefore more wealth available to all. Just how the poor are to share in the distribution of this wealth (beyond being given, at least in theory, the opportunity to create it) is, however, less well understood. Practice, of course, may make nonsense of even the best theoretical intentions, and often the less politically powe

雅思模拟题（11）

Practice 2

Almost everyone with or without a computer is aware of the latest technological revolution destined to change forever the way in which humans communicate, namely, the Information Superhighway, best exemplified by the ubiquitous Internet. Already, millions of people around the world are linked by computer simply by having a modem and an address on the `Net', in much the same way that owning a telephone links us to almost anyone who pays a phone bill. In fact, since the computer connections are made via the phone line, the Internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links. It remains to seen in which direction the Information Superhighway is headed, but many believeit is the educational hope of the future.

The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web, the `Net' was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters, but the introduction of the `Web' in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video.

A Web site consists of a `home page', the first screen of a particular site on the computer to which you are connected, from where access can be had to other subject related `pages'(or screens) at the site and on thousands of other computers all over the world. This is achieved by a process called `hypertext'. By clicking with a mouse device on various parts of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or surfing' through a of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or `surfing' through a web of pages to locate whatever information is required.

Anyone can set up a site; promoting your club, your institution, your company's p

雅思模拟题（12）

雅思阅读经典模拟题

雅思阅读经典模拟题

Part Ⅲ Reading Tasks

True／False／Not Given Exercises

Unit2

When was the last time you saw a frog? Chances are, if you live in a city, you have not seen one for some time. Even in wet areas once teeming with frogs and toads, it is becoming less and less easy to find those slimy, hopping and sometimes poisonous members of the animal kingdom. All over the world, and even in remote parts of Australia, frogs are losing the ecological battle for survival, and biologists are at a loss to explain their demise. Are amphibians simply oversensitive to changes in the ecosystem? Could it be that their rapid decline in numbers is signaling some coming environmental disaster for us all? This frightening scenario is in part the consequence of a dramatic increase over the last quarter century in the development of once natural areas of wet marshland; home not only to frogs but to all manner of wildlife. However, as yet, there are no obvious reasons why certain frog species are disappearing from rainforests in Australia that have barely

been touched by human hand. The mystery is unsettling to say the least, for it is known that amphibian species are extremely sensitive to environmental variations in temperature and moisture levels. The danger is that planet Earth might not only lose a vital link in the ecological food chain (frogs keep populations of otherwise pestilent insects at manageable levels), but we might be increasing our output of air pollutants to levels that may have already become irreversible. Frogs could be inadvertently warning us of a catastrophe.お

An example of a species of frog that, at far as is known, has become extinct, is the platypus frog. Like the well-known Australian mammal it was named after, it exhibited some very strange behaviour; instead of giving birth to tadpoles in the water, it raised its young within its stomach. The baby frogs were actually born from out of their mother s mouth. Discovered in 1981, less than ten years later the frog had completely vanished from the crystal clear waters of Booloumba Creek near Queensland s Sunshine Coast. Unfortunately, this freak of nature is not the only frog species to have been lost in Australia. Since the 1970s, no less than eight others have suffered the same fate.

One theory that seems to fit the facts concerns the depletion of the ozone layer, a well documented phenomenon which has led to a sharp increase in ultraviolet radiation levels.The ozone layer is meant to shield the Earth from UV rays, but increased radiation may be having a greater effect upon frog populations than previously believed. Another theory is that worldwide temperature increases are upsetting the breeding cycles of frogs.

TRUE／FALSE／NOT GIVEN

1.Frogs are disappearing only from city areas.

2.Frogs and toads are usually poisonous.

3.Biologists are unable to explain why frogs are dying.

4.The frogs natural habitat is becoming more and more developed.

5.Attempts are being made to halt the development of wet marshland.

6.Frogs are important in the ecosystem because they control pests.

7.The platypus frog became extinct by 1991.

8.Frogs usually give birth to their young in an underwater nest.

9.Eight frog species have become extinct so far in Australia.

10.There is convincing evidence that the ozone layer is being depleted.

11.It is a fact that frogs breeding cycles are upset by worldwide in creases in temperature.

Practice 3

Almost everyone with or without a computer is aware of the latest technological revolution destined to change forever the way in which humans communicate, namely, the Information Superhighway, best exemplified by the ubiquitous Internet. Already, millions of people around the world are linked by computer simply by having a modem and an address on the `Net , in much the same way that owning a telephone links us to almost anyone who pays a phone bill. In fact, since the computer connections are made via the phone line, the Internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links. It remains to seen in which direction the Information Superhighway is headed, but many believeit is the educational hope of the future.

The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web, the `Net was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters, but the introduction of the `Web in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video.

A Web site consists of a `home page , the first screen of a particular site on the computer to which you are connected, from where access can be had to other subject related `pages (or screens) at the site and on thousands of other computers all over the world. This is a

chieved by a process called `hypertext . By clicking with a mouse device on various parts of the screen, a person connected to the `Net can go traveling, or surfing through a of the screen, a person connected to the `Net can go traveling, or `surfing through a web of pages to locate whatever information is required.

Anyone can set up a site; promoting your club, your institution, your company s products or simply yourself, is what the Web and the Internet is all about. And what is more, information on the Internet is not owned or controlled by any one organization. It is, perhaps, true to say that no one and therefore everyone owns the `Net . Because of the relative freedom of access to information, the Internet has often been criticised by the media as a potentially hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users. This perception has proved to be largely false however, and the vast majority of users both young and old get connected with the Internet for the dual purposes for which it was intended - discovery and delight.

TRUE／FALSE／NOT GIVEN

1.Everyone is aware of the Information Superhighway.

2.Using the Internet costs the owner of a telephone extra money.

3.Internet computer connections are made by using telephone lines.

4.The World Wide Web is a network of computerised typewriters.

5.According to the author, the Information Superhighway may be the future hope of education.

6.The process called`hypertext requires the use of a mouse device.

7.The Internet was created in the 1990s.

8.The `home page is the first screen of a `Web site on the `Net .

9.The media has often criticised the Internet because it is dangerous.

10. The latest technological revolution will change the way humans communicate.

Practice 4

The Australian political scene is dominated by two major parties that have quite different political agendas. However, the policies of the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party have become much more difficult to tell apart in recent years. In fact, it would be true to say that both parties consist of conservative, moderate and radical elements, and therefore the general public is often perplexed about which party to vote for. Nonetheless, it is usual to find that an Australian will lean towards supporting one of these two parties and remain faithful to that party for life.

The Labor Party was formed early in the twentieth century to safeguard the interests of the common working man and to give the trade unions political representation in Parliament. The Party has always had strong connections with the unions, and supports the concept of a welfare society in which people who are less fortunate than others are financially, and otherwise, assisted in their quest for a more equitable slice of the economic pie. The problem is that such socialist political agendas are extremely expensive to implement and maintain, especially in a country that, although comparatively wealthy, is vast and with a small working and hence taxpaying population base. Welfare societies tend towards bankruptcy unless government spending is kept in check. The Liberal Party, on the other hand, argues that the best way to ensure a

fair division of wealth in the country is to allow more freedom to create it.This, in turn, means more opportunities, jobs created etc., and therefore more wealth available to all. Just how the poor are to share in the distribution of this wealth (beyond being given, at least in theory, the opportunity to create it) is, however, less well understood. Practice, of course, may make nonsense of even the best theoretical intentions, and often the less politically powerful are badly catered for under governments implementing free-for-all policies.

It is no wonder that given the two major choices offered them, Australian voters are increasingly turning their attention to the smaller political parties, which claim to offer a more balanced swag of policies, often based around one major current issue. Thus, for instance, at the last election there was the No Aircraft Noise Parry, popular in city areas, and the Green Party, which is almost solely concerned with environmental issues.