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托福阅读逻辑信号词总结

托福阅读逻辑信号词总结

不*** 22-04-11 英语学习方法

主题

主题类信号词一般出现在讲座开头,例如

●let'

●Today, I will be talking about

●Today,we’ll focus on/

但有些讲座的教授在点明主题之前会提及其它信息,例如:

●Last time, we talked about today, we will be discussing

●We’ve been talking about Today, let’s discuss

●Continuing Today, we will

此时,today后面的内容才是关键,不能被today前面的内容误导了。

定义

下定义也是讲座中常见的内容,被定义的概念是讲座的关键内容,需要做笔记。

此类信号词有:

●what I mean is

●All that means is

●which is / that is

●in other words,

● is referred to

● is named/known/called

举例

比起例子中的种.种细节,教授借例子说明的道理更为关键。

听到for instance,such as,namely,as an example,take example for,say,consider,take之类的字眼后,考生需要回忆起举例之前讲解的内容。

TIP:有些教授讲完例子后会进行总结,如果考生记不起例子之前的内容,此时记下总结性话语也能保证答题哟。

对比

讲座中,教授常常对比两个容易混淆的概念。我们需分别记录两者异同。此处一定会出现出题点。

常见的对比类信号词有:

●We should not confuse A and B

●A is different from B

●First, let’s make a clear distinction between A and B

●compare to

●contrast

●Unlike

●similar to

●in contrast to

●alike

●resemble

●on the other hand,

●instead,

●likewise,

●in the same way等。

分类

阐述关键概念时,教授常讲解此概念的相关分类。

例如,阐述海豚发声方式时,会具体阐述是哪几种发声方式,即whistles,cliques和burst pulses。

通常教授会点明分类的数量,但也可能不给出具体数据,而是笼统地说有“很多种”。

例如,there are many types of ,we gather data in a variety of ways 。

因果

学术讲座中,因果是常见的逻辑关系之一。细节题多出现于此处。

表示原因的信号词有:because,because of,due to,since,as,for,the reason is,that’s why,by reason of,owing to。

表示结果的信号词有:so, so that, therefore, thereby, hereby, thus, as a result, consequently, hence, accordingly。

转折

转折是对前文的否定,转折后面出现的信息往往需要强调,此处多为出题点。

常见的表示转折的信号词有:but,however,nevertheless,while, yet, unless, except for, actually,in fact, to tell you the truth,practically,virtually,as a matter of fact。

结论

讲座的最后也可能是出题点,而且该点比较容易得分。结论是最新获得的信息,遗忘率最低。咱们千万不能放弃这类题。

常见的结论性信号词有:conclusion,summarize,make a summary,in brief,in short,in a word,in a conclusion,finally,all in all,to sum up。

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