托福阅读的权威备考资料
Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the same They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the species to have specific Pheromones, which are sometimes called social hormones, affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do an individual Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole method). Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various Pheromone systems are the most complex in some of the so-called social insects, insects that live in organized
Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the signal can be persistent, depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimes effective over a very long Localization of the signal is generally poorer than localization of a sound or visual stimulus and is usually effected by the animal's moving upwind in response to the The ability to modulate a chemical signal is limited, compared with communication by visual or acoustic means, but some pheromones may convey different meanings and consequently result in different behavioral or physiological responses, depending on their concentration or when presented in The modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number of exocrine glands that produce Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulate creatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and appreciate because of our own olfactory, insensitivity and the technological difficulties in detecting and analyzing these Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of They may act as alarm substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include the queen substance produced by queen honey Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving
What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How insects use pheromones to communicate
(B) How pheromones are produced by insects
(C) Why analyzing insect pheromones is difficult
(D) The different uses of pheromones among various insect species
The word serve in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) improve
(B) function
(C) begin
(D) rely
The purpose of the second mention of hormones in line 4 is to point out
(A) chemical signals that are common among insects
(B) specific responses of various species to chemical signals
(C) similarities between two chemical substances
(D) how insects produce different chemical substances
The word sole in line 6
is closest in meaning to
(A) obvious
(B) best
(C) only
(D) final
The passage suggests that the speed at which communication through pheromones occurs is
dependent on how quickly they
(A) lose their effectiveness
(B) evaporate in the air
(C) travel through the air
(D) are produced by the body
According to the passage , the meaning of a message communicated through a pheromone
may vary when the
(A) chemical structure of the pheromone is changed
(B) pheromone is excreted while other pheromones are also being excreted
(C) exocrine glands do not produce the pheromone
(D) pheromone is released near certain specific organisms
The word detecting in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) controlling
(B) storing
(C) questioning
(D) finding
According to paragraph 2, which of the following has made the study of pheromones difficult?
(A) Pheromones cannot be easily reproduced in chemical
(B) Existing technology cannot fully explore the properties of
(C) Pheromones are highly
(D) Pheromone signals are constantly
The word They in line 24 refers to
(A) pheromones
(B) roles
(C) activities
(D) insects
The word sedentary in line 29 is closest in meaning to
(A) inactive
(B) inefficient
(C) unchangeable
(D) unbalanced
Pheromone systems are relatively complex in insects that
(A) also communicate using sight and sound
(B) live underground
(C) prey on other insects
(D) live in organized groups
PASSAGE 95 ABCCB ADBAAD